{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:11:54Z","timestamp":1780528314650,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A protective effect of education on cognitive decline after stroke has been claimed, but evidence from prospective population-based cohorts is very limited. The differential role of literacy and education on dementia after stroke remains unexplored. Objective: This research addresses the role of education and literacy in dementia incidence after stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods: 131 participants with stroke or TIA were identified within the population-based NEDICES study (N\u200a=\u200a5,278 persons). Participants were fully assessed at baseline (1994\u20131995) and incident dementia diagnosis was made by expert neurologists (DSM-IV criteria) after a mean follow-up of 3.4 years. Adjusted Cox regression analyses were applied to test the association between education, literacy, and dementia risk. Results: Within the 131 subjects with stroke or TIA, 19 (14%) developed dementia at follow-up. The Cox\u2019s regression model (age and sex adjusted) showed that low education (HR\u200a=\u200a3.48, 95% CI\u200a=\u200a1.28, 9.42, p\u200a=\u200a0.014) and literacy (HR\u200a=\u200a3.16, 95% CI\u200a=\u200a1.08, 9.22, p\u200a=\u200a0.035) were significantly associated with a higher dementia risk. Low education was also associated with dementia when main confounders (i.e., cognitive\/functional performance) were considered in the Cox\u2019s model. However, after including stroke recurrence, only low\/null literacy (versus education) remained as significant predictor of dementia. Finally, low\/null literacy showed an effect over-and-above education on dementia risk when both factors were introduced in the adjusted Cox\u2019s regression. Conclusion: These findings underline the importance of literacy to estimate cognitive decline after stroke in low-educated populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T12:22:50Z","timestamp":1652185370000},"page":"291-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Education and Literacy as Risk Factors of Dementia after Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: NEDICES Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Israel","family":"Contador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Alzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Bermejo-Pareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute (Imas12), University Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodoro","family":"del Ser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Llamas-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute (Imas12), University Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardino","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Benito-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute (Imas12), University Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, 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