{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T06:29:48Z","timestamp":1788589788995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Use of pharmacological treatments is one possible modifiable risk factor for cognitive disorders. Objective: To investigate if the use of muscle relaxants is associated with the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Methods: The study was performed in a nested case-control design. Altogether 70,718 community-dwelling residents of Finland who received AD diagnosis in 2005\u20132011 were included as cases (the MEDALZ study). Each case was matched with four controls without AD by age, sex, and region of residence (N\u200a=\u200a282,858). Data was extracted from Prescription register (1995\u20132012), Special Reimbursement register (1972\u20132012), and Hospital Discharge register (1972\u20132012). Drug use periods were modeled with PRE2DUP-method. Defined daily dose (DDD) was used to quantify the use. Analyses were conducted for any muscle relaxant use, and drug specific analyses were done for orphenadrine and tizanidine. A five-year lag window prior to the diagnosis was used, and results analyzed with conditional logistic regression. Results: The use of any muscle relaxant was associated with the risk of AD, aOR (95% CI) 1.04 (1.02\u20131.07). Stronger associations were observed with longer use (&gt;366 days, aOR 1.12 (1.03\u20131.21)) than shorter use (1\u2013365 days aOR, 1.04 (1.02\u20131.06)) compared to non-users. Dose-response was not observed. Tizanidine was not associated with AD, whereas cumulative exposure of orphenadrine (\u2265101 DDDs) was associated with the risk of AD, aOR 1.19 (1.07\u20131.32). Conclusion: Muscle relaxant use was associated with the risk of AD and higher exposure to orphenadrine showed increased risk. Further studies on higher doses and longer durations of use are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T12:21:04Z","timestamp":1673353264000},"page":"1283-1290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Cumulative Use of Muscle Relaxants and the Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Nationwide Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Atte","family":"Rahkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Taipale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjaana","family":"Koponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirpa","family":"Hartikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maija","family":"Tolppanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Tanskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Tiihonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220409_ref1","volume-title":"World Alzheimer Report 2015. 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