{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:59:55Z","timestamp":1780401595652,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Growing evidence show that long term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of dementia. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between PM2.5 exposure and dementia in a low exposure area, and to investigate the role of olfaction and the APOE \u025b4 allele in these associations. Methods: Data were drawn from the Betula project, a longitudinal study on aging, memory, and dementia in Sweden. Odor identification ability was assessed using the Scandinavian Odor Identification Test (SOIT). Annual mean PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from a dispersion-model and matched at the participants\u2019 residential address. Proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios. Results: Of 1,846 participants, 348 developed dementia during the 21-year follow-up period. The average annual mean PM2.5 exposure at baseline was 6.77\u03bcg\/m3, which is 1.77\u03bcg\/m3 above the WHO definition of clean air. In a fully adjusted model (adjusted for age, sex, APOE, SOIT, cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, and education) each 1\u03bcg\/m3 difference in annual mean PM2.5-concentration was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.23 for dementia (95% CI: 1.01\u20131.50). Analyses stratified by APOE status (\u025b4 carriers versus non-carriers), and odor identification ability (high versus low), showed associations only for \u025b4 carriers, and for low performance on odor identification ability. Conclusion: PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of dementia in this low pollution setting. The associations between PM2.5 and dementia seemed stronger in APOE carriers and those with below average odor identification ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1676034071000},"page":"679-689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["PM2.5 and Dementia in a Low Exposure Setting: The Influence of Odor Identification Ability and APOE"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research (CEDAR), Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Segersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertil","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Adolfsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, 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