{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:04:49Z","timestamp":1787025889840,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Early differential diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is important for treatment and disease management, but it remains challenging. Although computer-based drawing analysis may help differentiate AD and DLB, it has not been studied. Objective: We aimed to identify the differences in features characterizing the drawing process between AD, DLB, and cognitively normal (CN) individuals, and to evaluate the validity of using these features to identify and differentiate AD and DLB. Methods: We collected drawing data with a digitizing tablet and pen from 123 community-dwelling older adults in three clinical diagnostic groups of mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to AD (n\u200a=\u200a47) or Lewy body disease (LBD; n\u200a=\u200a27), and CN (n\u200a=\u200a49), matched for their age, sex, and years of education. We then investigated drawing features in terms of the drawing speed, pressure, and pauses. Results: Reduced speed and reduced smoothness in speed and pressure were observed particularly in the LBD group, while increased pauses and total durations were observed in both the AD and LBD groups. Machine-learning models using these features achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.80 for AD versus CN, 0.88 for LBD versus CN, and 0.77 for AD versus LBD. Conclusion: Our results indicate how different types of drawing features were particularly discriminative between the diagnostic groups, and how the combination of these features can facilitate the identification and differentiation of AD and DLB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T14:32:23Z","timestamp":1663943543000},"page":"693-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characteristics of Drawing Process Differentiate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Health, IBM Research, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatomo","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Health, IBM Research, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Shinkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Health, IBM Research, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Nemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyotaka","family":"Nemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuaki","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802973-2.00009-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of alpha-synucleinopathies: From Parkinson disease to dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"138","author":"Savica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12189","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12189","article-title":"Clinico-pathological comparison of patients with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer\u2019s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and mixed pathology","volume":"13","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst.)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref4","first-page":"123","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 why we need early diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0","article-title":"Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The IWG-2 criteria","volume":"13","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170309120708","article-title":"Kinematic and pressure features of handwriting and drawing: Preliminary results between patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease and healthy controls","volume":"14","author":"Garre-Olmo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90003-G","article-title":"Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory","volume":"10","author":"van","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2306","article-title":"Brief cognitive screening instruments: An update","volume":"25","author":"Ismail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9334-0","article-title":"The differential effects of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Lewy body pathology on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Gurnani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.4.483","article-title":"Pentagon copying is more impaired in dementia with Lewy bodies than in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"70","author":"Ala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1094","article-title":"Pentagon drawing and neuropsychological performance in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease with dementia","volume":"19","author":"Cormack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Geriat Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040500376831","article-title":"Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from normal aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Ferman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000045","article-title":"Contrasts between patients with Lewy body dementia syndromes and APOE-\u025b3\/\u025b3 patients with late-onset Alzheimer disease dementia","volume":"20","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105832","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric feature profiles of patients with Lewy body dementia","volume":"194","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2018.2840679","article-title":"Dynamic handwriting analysis for the assessment of neurodegenerative diseases: A pattern recognition perspective","volume":"12","author":"Impedovo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-019-09642-2","article-title":"A handwriting-based protocol for assessing neurodegenerative dementia","volume":"11","author":"Impedovo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn Comput"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P228","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.4.P228","article-title":"Handwriting process variables discriminating mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"61","author":"Werner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.006","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment deteriorate fine movement control","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.01.004","article-title":"Spatial and dynamical handwriting analysis in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"82","author":"Kawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40010-0","article-title":"Diagnostic value of digital clock drawing test in comparison with CERAD neuropsychological battery total score for discrimination of patients in the early course of Alzheimer\u2019s disease from healthy individuals","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12552","article-title":"Handwriting analysis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Current status and future directions","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cb3e25","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)","volume":"74","author":"Petersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009323","article-title":"Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"94","author":"McKeith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"42","author":"Gorelick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390","article-title":"Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test","volume":"1","author":"Bowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.3.349","article-title":"A 7 minute neurocognitive screening battery highly sensitive to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Solomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010184","article-title":"A multimodal approach to the quantification of kinetic tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Szumilas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210684","article-title":"Combining multimodal behavioral data of gait, speech, and drawing for classification of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"84","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000337843","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the sentence writing component of the Mini Mental State Examination: Cognitive and affective aspects","volume":"33","author":"Press","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref33","first-page":"129","article-title":"Trail Making Test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia","volume":"23","author":"Ashendorf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215714","article-title":"Automated early detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease by capturing impairments in multiple cognitive domains with multiple drawing tasks","volume":"88","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref36","first-page":"2079","article-title":"On over-fitting in model selection and subsequent selection bias in performance evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Cawley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.038","article-title":"Assessing and tuning brain decoders: Cross-validation, caveats, and guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Varoquaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010920819831","article-title":"A simple generalisation of the area under the ROC curve for multiple class classification problems","volume":"45","author":"Hand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"MICE: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref40","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017)","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161089","article-title":"Prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies and prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A comparison of the cognitive and clinical profiles","volume":"58","author":"Sadiq","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436942.55281.47","article-title":"Nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment progresses to dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"81","author":"Ferman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012949","article-title":"Visuospatial deficits predict rate of cognitive decline in autopsy-verified dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"22","author":"Hamilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.115","article-title":"Clinical and empirical applications of the Rey\u2013 Osterrieth Complex Figure Test","volume":"1","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107174","article-title":"Two distinct pathological substrates associated with MMSE-pentagons item deficit in DLB and AD","volume":"133","author":"Beretta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25866","article-title":"The spectrum of cognitive impairment in Lewy body diseases","volume":"29","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27867","article-title":"Pathological influences on clinical heterogeneity in Lewy body diseases","volume":"35","author":"Coughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180964.60708.c2","article-title":"Verbal and visuospatial deficits in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"65","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000165987.89198.65","article-title":"Cognitive differences in dementia patients with autopsy-verified AD, Lewy body pathology, or both","volume":"64","author":"Kraybill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304381","article-title":"Early neuropsychological discriminants for Lewy body disease: An autopsy series","volume":"84","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.4953","article-title":"Do Alzheimer\u2019s and Lewy body disease have discrete pathological signatures of gait?","volume":"15","author":"Mc Ardle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.639337","article-title":"Balance impairments as differential markers of dementia disease subtype","volume":"9","author":"Mc Ardle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.08.009","article-title":"Motor performance differentiates individuals with Lewy body dementia, Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"50","author":"Fritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201129","article-title":"Classifying non-dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease\/vascular dementia patients using kinematic, time-based, and visuospatial parameters: The Digital Clock Drawing Test","volume":"82","author":"Davoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000144","article-title":"Machine learning analysis of Digital Clock Drawing Test performance for differential classification of mild cognitive impairment subtypes versus Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Binaco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1238510","article-title":"Multicomponent analysis of a digital Trail Making Test","volume":"31","author":"Fellows","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191089","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of digital clock drawing metrics in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"75","author":"Dion","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750661","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.750661","article-title":"DCTclock: Clinically-interpretable and automated artificial intelligence analysis of drawing behavior for capturing cognition","volume":"3","author":"Souillard-Mandar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37014","DOI":"10.2196\/37014","article-title":"Automated analysis of drawing process to estimate global cognition in older adults: Preliminary international validation on the US and Japan data sets","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1844","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011697","article-title":"Association of Digital Clock Drawing with PET amyloid and tau pathology in normal older adults","volume":"96","author":"Rentz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-07185-6","article-title":"A survey of visual and procedural handwriting analysis for neuropsychological assessment","volume":"34","author":"Moetesum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.11.004","article-title":"Computerized spiral analysis using the iPad","volume":"275","author":"Sisti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68763-2_45","article-title":"Handwriting-based classifier combination for cognitive impairment prediction","volume":"12661","author":"Cilia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lect Notes Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.839","article-title":"Visuospatial impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A process analysis approach","volume":"18","author":"Simard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220546_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12484","article-title":"A metabolite panel that differentiates Alzheimer\u2019s disease from other dementia types","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-220546","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1777370857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-220546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-220546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]}}}