{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:14:14Z","timestamp":1777396454372,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that results in cognitive decline, dementia, and eventually death. Diagnosing early signs of AD can help clinicians to improve the quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n We developed a non-invasive approach to help neurologists and clinicians to distinguish probable AD patients and healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The patients\u2019 gaze points were followed based on the words they used to describe the Cookie Theft (CT) picture description task. We hypothesized that the timing of words enunciation aligns with the participant\u2019s eye movements. The moments that each word was spoken were then aligned with specific regions of the image. We then applied machine learning algorithms to classify probable AD and HC. We randomly selected 60 participants (30 AD and 30 HC) from the Dementia Bank (Pitt Corpus).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Five main classifiers were applied to different features extracted from the recorded audio and participants\u2019 transcripts (AD and HC). Support vector machine and logistic regression had the highest accuracy (up to 80% and 78.33%, respectively) in three different experiments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n In conclusion, point-of-gaze can be applied as a non-invasive and less expensive approach compared to other available methods (e.g., eye tracker devices) for early-stage AD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T11:08:03Z","timestamp":1693307283000},"page":"855-868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["\u2018Eye-Tracking\u2019 with Words for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Detection: Time Alignment of Words Enunciation with Image Regions During Image Description Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Neda","family":"Heidarzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9nie logiciel, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Ratt\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9nie logiciel, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12638"},{"key":"ref002","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association, Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia in Canada, https:\/\/www.alz.org\/ca\/dementia-alzheimers-canada.asp, Last updated February 26, 2014."},{"key":"ref003","unstructured":"Jockers D, Stages of Alzheimer, https:\/\/drjockers.com\/alzheimers-disease\/, Last updated Nov 25, 2012."},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00798"},{"key":"ref005","first-page":"813","author":"Barral O","year":"2020","journal-title":"Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference"},{"key":"ref006","author":"Mirheidari B","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.00515"},{"key":"ref007","first-page":"153","volume":"10","author":"Cummings L","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semant Pragmat"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2676409"},{"key":"ref009","unstructured":"BarrigaA (2019) What Alzheimer\u2019s Has to Say about Your Eyesight. Seniorlink, https:\/\/www.seniorlink.com\/blog\/what-alzheimers-has-to-say-about-your-eyesight, Last updated February 21, 2019."},{"key":"ref010","unstructured":"ClarkL, Dementia symptoms: How your eyes could PREDICT Alzheimer\u2019s disease, https:\/\/www.express.co.uk\/life-style\/health\/845069\/dementia-symptoms-alzheimers-disease-eyes, Last updated August 24, 2017."},{"key":"ref011","unstructured":"KheraG (2017) Eyes are the Windows to Mind: Early Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s through Eye Tests, https:\/\/www.scientificanimations.com\/early-detection-of-alzheimers-through-eye-tests\/uncategorized\/, Last updated January 4, 2017."},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141173"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9747054"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106929"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1107"},{"key":"ref016","author":"Biondi J","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.00837"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.06.027"},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540180063015"},{"key":"ref019","unstructured":"BollerF, BeckerJ, DementiaBank English Pitt Corpus, TalkBank, http:\/\/dementia.talkbank.org\/access\/English\/Pitt.html, Last updated January 26, 2018."},{"key":"ref020","unstructured":"Boersma P, Weenink D, Praat: Doing phonetics by computer, https:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/praat\/, Last updated July 24, 2023."},{"key":"ref021","unstructured":"JonesJL, NewtonBD, WisniewskiKL, WilsonAT, GinaldiMJ, WaddellCA, GossK, WardKJ, RintoulMD (2021) Sandia National Lab.(SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)."},{"key":"ref022","unstructured":"AB T, Understanding Tobii Pro Lab\u2019s eye tracking metrics, https:\/\/connect.tobii.com\/s\/article\/understanding-tobii-pro-lab-eye-tracking metrics?language=en_US, Last updated Jun 19, 2023."},{"key":"ref023","unstructured":"FarnsworthB (2022) 10 Most Used Eye Tracking Metrics and Terms, https:\/\/imotions.com\/blog\/10-terms-metrics-eye-tracking\/, Last updated June 22, 2022."},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.02.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JAD-220711","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JAD-220711","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JAD-220711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1777370904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JAD-220711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JAD-220711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-220711","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]}}}