{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:29:58Z","timestamp":1791862198998,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite rising interest in sex differences in dementia, it is unclear whether sex differences in dementia incidence and prevalence are apparent globally. Objective: We examine sex differences in incidence and prevalence of Any dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD), and evaluate whether country-level indicators of gender inequality account for differences. Methods: Systematic review with meta-analysis was used to obtain estimates of incidence and prevalence of Any dementia, AD, and VaD using random effects meta-analysis, and population-based studies with clinical or validated dementia measures. Meta-regression was used to evaluate how country-specific factors of life expectancy, education, and gender differences in development, unemployment, and inequality indices influenced estimates. Results: We identified 205 eligible studies from 8,731 articles, representing 998,187 participants across 43 countries. There were no sex differences in the incidence of Any dementia, AD, or VaD, except in the 90+\u200aage group (women higher). When examined by 5-year age bands, the only sex difference in prevalence of Any dementia was in the 85+ group and there was no sex difference in VaD. AD was more prevalent in women at most ages. Globally, the overall prevalence of dementia in adults 65\u200a+\u200awas higher for women (80.22\/1000, 95% CI 62.83\u201397.61) than men (54.86\/1000, 95% CI 43.55\u201366.17). Meta-regression revealed that sex differences in Any dementia prevalence were associated with gender differences in life expectancy and in education. Conclusion: Globally, there are no sex differences in age-specific dementia incidence, but prevalence of AD is higher in women. Country-level factors like life expectancy and gender differences in education may explain variability in sex differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T11:50:24Z","timestamp":1671796224000},"page":"1231-1241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Could Country-Level Factors Explain Sex Differences in Dementia Incidence and Prevalence? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Hamidul","family":"Huque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranmalee","family":"Eramudugolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Chidiac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ehrenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona E.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaarin J.","family":"Anstey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220724_ref1","unstructured":"Prince M , Wimo A , Guerchet M , Ali G-C , Wu Y-T , Prina M (2015) World Alzheimer Report 2015. 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