{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:09:15Z","timestamp":1777396155574,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with high mortality and negative consequences for patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease or dementia and their caregivers. Memory clinics play an important role in enabling early dementia diagnosis and providing support for patients and their caregivers. Objective: This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictions on patients of a memory clinic and their caregivers between March 2020 and March 2021. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single-center, questionnaire-based, observational study to assess consequences and perception of the COVID-19 pandemic on emotion, cognitive function, social living, areas of care, and information retrieval. Results: Results of 255 participants\u2019 (mean age 76.78, SD 8.9; 12% cognitively intact, 33% mild cognitive impairment, 55% dementia) and 203 caregivers\u2019 COVID-19 questionnaires (valid response rate 71%) could be included in the study. Participants reported a prevalence of psychological symptoms associated with the pandemic between 3-20%. Caregivers living outside compared to those living with the participant reported higher rates of new onset or worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms in participants since pandemic onset. Patients with dementia showed the lowest use of digital communication before (15.7%) and after (17.1%) pandemic onset in the diagnostic groups. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic frequently led to social isolation and reduced cognitive stimulation due to restrictions in elderly persons with cognitive deficits resulting in negative effects on emotional and social levels. We hypothesize that the implementation and sensitization with digital communication in clinical routine could provide a useful tool to counteract these negative effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T12:23:00Z","timestamp":1683289380000},"page":"1017-1031","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Consequences and Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients and Caregivers in an Austrian Memory Clinic Population One Year After Pandemic Onset"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Michaela","family":"Defrancesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eberhard A.","family":"Deisenhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo A.","family":"Schurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Ortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200320","article-title":"Case-fatality risk estimates for COVID-19 calculated by using a lag time for fatality","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16533","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in 244 older adults with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004911117","article-title":"Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19","volume":"117","author":"Dowd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa169","article-title":"ApoE e4e4 genotype and mortality with COVID-19 in UK Biobank","volume":"75,","author":"Kuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200537","article-title":"Potential novel role of COVID-19 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and preventative mitigation strategies","volume":"76","author":"Naughton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30079-1","article-title":"Mental health services for older adults in China during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-209004","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients in the crosshairs of COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Perry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000793","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on community-dwelling caregivers and persons with dementia","volume":"12","author":"Greenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16644","article-title":"Facing dementia during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"68","author":"Canevelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200589","article-title":"Telemedicine for delivery of care in frontotemporal lobar degeneration during COVID-19 pandemic: Results from Southern Italy","volume":"76","author":"Capozzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14339","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in Spanish patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"9","author":"Lara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-020-00363-9","article-title":"[Positionpaper of the Austrian Alzheimer Association (\u00d6sterreichische Alzheimer Gesellschaft, \u00d6AG): Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria on people with dementia and their care environment-problem areas, recommendations, and strategies]","volume":"35","author":"Defrancesco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04902-8","article-title":"Direct and indirect neurological, cognitive, and behavioral effects of COVID-19 on the healthy elderly, mild-cognitive-impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease populations","volume":"42","author":"Iodice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04541-z","article-title":"Neurological diseases as mortality predictive factors for patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.387","article-title":"Does COVID-19 contribute to development of neurological disease?","volume":"9","author":"Mahalakshmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588872","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.588872","article-title":"Cognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 and effects on elderly individuals with dementia","volume":"12","author":"Alonso-Lana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585540","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.585540","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 infection and enforced prolonged social isolation on neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with and without dementia: A review","volume":"11","author":"Manca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i26.4248","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the clinical status of patients with Wilson disease","volume":"27","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.11124\/jbisrir-2015-2415","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to improve family-staff relationships in the care of people with dementia in residential aged care: A systematic review protocol","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185672","article-title":"Social relationships and physician utilization among older adults-A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Bremer","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2020.09.008","article-title":"Influence of social interaction on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia over 1 year among long-term care facility residents","volume":"42","author":"Arai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200583","article-title":"Associations of social isolation and loneliness with later dementia","volume":"99","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13942","article-title":"Impact of dementia on clinical outcomes in elderly patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): An experience in New York","volume":"20","author":"Miyashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13436","article-title":"The psychosocial adaptability of independently living older adults to COVID-19 related social isolation in the Netherlands: A qualitative study","volume":"30","author":"Kremers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220195","article-title":"Social engagement before and after dementia diagnosis in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"14","author":"Hackett","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16865","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness among San Francisco Bay Area older adults during the COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders","volume":"69","author":"Kotwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.04.014","article-title":"Preventing social isolation in older people","volume":"113","author":"Cotterell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","article-title":"Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"58","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0","article-title":"Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The IWG-2 criteria","volume":"13","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.11.1356","article-title":"A new rating scale for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"141","author":"Rosen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5_Suppl_6.10S","article-title":"The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Assessing psychopathology in dementia patients","volume":"48","author":"Cummings","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1161-6","article-title":"The changing profile of patients in a geriatric medicine led memory clinic over 12 years","volume":"23","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00231-7","article-title":"Incidence of dementia: Does gender make a difference?","volume":"22","author":"Ruitenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e383","article-title":"Coping with dementia in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Ryoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X20916567","article-title":"Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2015.1019912","article-title":"The implications of information and communication technology use for the social well-being of older adults","volume":"18","author":"Ihm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.03.015","article-title":"Telemedicine and dementia care: A systematic review of barriers and facilitators","volume":"22","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2101008","article-title":"Post-stroke aphasia at the time of COVID-19 pandemic: A telerehabilitation perspective","volume":"21","author":"Cassarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126284","article-title":"Video-based communication and its association with loneliness, mental health and quality of life among older people during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"18","author":"Bonsaksen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30598","DOI":"10.2196\/30598","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 confinement on cognition and mental health and technology use among socially vulnerable older people: Retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Dura-Perez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19434","DOI":"10.2196\/19434","article-title":"Telehealth home support during COVID-19 confinement: Survey study among community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia","volume":"22","author":"Goodman-Casanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19468","DOI":"10.2196\/19468","article-title":"Internet-based supportive interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4016","article-title":"A systematic review of Internet-based supportive interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia","volume":"29","author":"Boots","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30652","DOI":"10.2196\/30652","article-title":"e-Learning and web-based tools for psychosocial interventions addressing neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo, Japan: Quasi-experimental study","volume":"7","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819410-2.00004-7","article-title":"Sleep and homeostatic control of plasticity","volume":"184","author":"Lanza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00790","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578015","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.578015","article-title":"Behavioral andpsychological effects of coronavirus disease-19 quarantine inpatients with dementia","volume":"11","author":"Cagnin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215342","article-title":"Psychosocial effects of COVID-19 measures on (pre-)dementia patients during second lockdown","volume":"86","author":"Bakker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0605","article-title":"Reduction of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic is related to increased neuropsychiatric symptoms in memory clinic patients","volume":"22","author":"Wurm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579842","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.579842","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly with dementia during COVID-19 pandemic: Definition, treatment, and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Simonetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-220887_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-201003","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of caregiver burden in a memory clinic population","volume":"5","author":"O\u2019Caoimh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-220887","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:07:40Z","timestamp":1777370860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-220887"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-220887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]}}}