{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1777396309544,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is clinically heterogeneous, including the classical-amnesic (CA-) phenotype and some variants. Objective: We aim to describe a further presentation we (re)named confabulation-misidentification (CM-) phenotype. Methods: We performed a retrospective longitudinal case-series study of 17 AD outpatients with the possible CM-phenotype (CM-ADs). Then, in a cross-sectional study, we compared the CM-ADs to a sample of 30 AD patients with the CA-phenotype (CA-ADs). The primary outcome was the frequency of cognitive and behavioral features. Data were analyzed as differences in percentage by non-parametric Chi Square and mean differences by parametric T-test. Results: Anterograde amnesia (100%) with early confabulation (88.2%), disorientation (88.2%) and non-infrequently retrograde amnesia (64.7%) associated with reduced insight (88.2%), moderate prefrontal executive impairment (94.1%) and attention deficits (82.3%) dominated the CM-phenotype. Neuropsychiatric features with striking misidentification (52.9%), other less-structured delusions (70.6%), and brief hallucinations (64.7%) were present. Marked behavioral disturbances were present early in some patients and very common at later stages. At the baseline, the CM-ADs showed more confabulation (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001), temporal disorientation (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.02), misidentification (p\u200a=\u200a0.013), other delusions (p\u200a=\u200a0.002), and logorrhea (p\u200a=\u200a0.004) than the CA-ADs. In addition, more social disinhibition (p\u200a=\u200a0.018), reduction of insight (p\u200a=\u200a0.029), and hallucination (p\u200a=\u200a0.03) persisted at 12 months from baseline. Both the CA- and CM-ADs showed anterior and medial temporal atrophy. Compared to HCs, the CM-ADs showed more right fronto-insular atrophy, while the CA-ADs showed more dorsal parietal, precuneus, and right parietal atrophy. Conclusion: We described an AD phenotype resembling diencephalic rather than hippocampal amnesia and overlapping the past-century description of presbyophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T11:08:14Z","timestamp":1669115294000},"page":"363-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diencephalic versus Hippocampal Amnesia in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Possible Confabulation-Misidentification Phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Abbate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Palazzolo, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro D.","family":"Trimarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Palazzolo, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, 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