{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:52:22Z","timestamp":1778705542751,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The self-administered iPad-based Cleveland Clinic Cognitive Battery (C3B) was designed specifically for the efficient screening of cognitive functioning of older adults in a primary care setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1) Generate regression-based norms from healthy participants to enable demographic corrections to facilitate clinical interpretation; 2) estimate test-retest reliability and practice effects; 3) examine ability to discriminate mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from healthy aging; 4) d etermine validity of screening in a distracting clinical environment; and 5) determine completion rates and patient satisfaction in a primary care setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study 1 ( S1) recruited a stratified sample of 428 healthy adults, ages 18\u201389, to generate regression-based equations. S2 assessed 2-week test-retest reliability and practice effects in 30 healthy elders. S3 recruited 30 MCI patients and 30 demographically-matched healthy controls. In S4, 30 healthy elders self-administered the C3B in a distracting environment and in a quiet private room in counterbalanced order. In a demonstration project, 470 consecutive primary care patients were administered the C3B as part of routine clinical care ( S5).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>C3B performance was primarily influenced by age, education, and race ( S1), had acceptably high test-retest reliability and minimal practice effects ( S2), discriminated MCI from healthy controls ( S3), was not negatively impacted by a distracting clinical environment ( S4), had high completion rates (&gt;92%) and positive ratings from primary care patients ( S5).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The C3B is a computerized cognitive screening tool that is reliable, validated, self-administered, and is conducive to integration into a busy primary care clinical workflow for detecting MCI, early Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and other related dementias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T11:40:59Z","timestamp":1676979659000},"page":"1051-1066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cleveland Clinic Cognitive Battery (C3B): Normative, Reliability, and Validation Studies of a Self-Administered Computerized Tool for Screening Cognitive Dysfunction in Primary Care"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Galioto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Sokolowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madelyn","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Penn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sturtevant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological 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