{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:54:19Z","timestamp":1781855659073,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotics for systemic use may increase the risk of neurodegeneration, yet antibiotic therapy may be able to halt or mitigate an episode of neurodegenerative decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the association of sporadic use of antibiotics and subsequent dementia risk (including Alzheimer\u2019s disease).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the largest public health insurance fund in Germany, the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK). Each of the 35,072 dementia cases aged 60 years and older with a new dementia diagnosis during the observation period from 2006 to 2018 was matched with two control-patients by age, sex, and time since 2006. We ran conditional logistic regression models for dementia risk in terms of odds ratios (OR) as a function of antibiotic use for the entire antibiotic group and for each antibiotic subgroup. We controlled for comorbidities, need for long-term care, hospitalizations, and nursing home placement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic use was positively associated with dementia (OR\u200a=\u200a1.18, 95% confidence interval (95% CI):1.14\u20131.22), which became negative after adjustment for comorbidities, at least one diagnosis of bacterial infection or disease, and covariates (OR\u200a=\u200a0.93, 95% CI:0.90\u20130.96). Subgroups of antibiotics were also negatively associated with dementia after controlling for covariates: tetracyclines (OR\u200a=\u200a0.94, 95% CI:0.90\u20130.98), beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins (OR\u200a=\u200a0.93, 95% CI:0.90\u20130.97), other beta-lactam antibacterials (OR\u200a=\u200a0.92, 95% CI:0.88\u20130.95), macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (OR\u200a=\u200a0.88, 95% CI:0.85\u20130.92), and quinolone antibacterials (OR\u200a=\u200a0.96, 95% CI:0.92\u20130.99).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that there was a decreased likelihood of dementia for preceding antibiotic use. The benefits of antibiotics in reducing inflammation and thus the risk of dementia need to be carefully weighed against the increase in antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-221153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:51:50Z","timestamp":1683679910000},"page":"1329-1339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sporadic Use of Antibiotics in Older Adults and the Risk of Dementia: A Nested Case\u2013Control Study Based on German Health Claims Data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Raku\u0161a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcltekin","family":"Tamg\u00fcney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biologische Informationsprozesse","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Heneka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg","place":["Luxembourg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Doblhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"University Rostock","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017) Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017 - 2025. 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