{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:15:18Z","timestamp":1777396518219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It has been proposed that physical activity (PA) could prevent cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association between changes in PA and changes in cognitive function in a cohort of adults with metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal observational study including 5,500 adults (mean age 65 years, SD\u200a=\u200a5; women\u200a=\u200a49.3% ) with metabolic syndrome. Participants underwent physical activity measurements and cognitive evaluation at baseline and at two-years of follow-up. PA was quantified using the Minnesota questionnaire-shortened version. Cognitive function was evaluated using a battery of tests: Mini-Mental Test Examination, Clock Drawing Test, Trail Making Test A and B, Verbal Fluency Test, and Digit Span. The primary outcome was two-year change in cognition, measured through the Global Composite Score (GCS) of all neuropsychological tests. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were fitted with baseline PA and their changes as the main exposures and changes in cognitive function as the outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant association was found between PA levels (or their changes) in the GCS of cognitive function. A greater increase in PA levels was associated with a more favorable two-year change in the Trail Making Test A (Q4 versus Q1: b\u200a=\u200a\u2013 2.24s, 95% CI \u20134.36 to \u20130.12s; p-trend\u200a=\u200a0.020). No significant association was found for other neuropsychological test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results do not support an association between increases in PA and the evolution of the global cognitive function at two-year in an intervention trial which included PA promotion in one of its two randomized arms, but they suggested a possible beneficial effect of PA on attentional function in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-230105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T11:38:17Z","timestamp":1693309097000},"page":"887-899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Two-Year Changes in Physical Activity and Concurrent Changes in Cognitive Function in a Cohort of Adults with Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Rognoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Matarrubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Martinez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Salas-Salvad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Vigili, Department de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnolog\u00eda, Unitat de Nutrici\u00f3 Humana, Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere i Virgili (IISPV), Hospital San Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Corella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Casta\u00f1er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Alfredo","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel M.","family":"Alonso-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Area; Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital; University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"G\u00f3mez-Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga-IBIMA, School of Medicine, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vioque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH).Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Romaguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology (NUTRECOR), HealthResearch Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"L\u00f3pez-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Estruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Institut de I\u2019nvestigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Tinahones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA). University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Santos-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atenci\u00f3n Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lluis","family":"Serra-Majem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Cano Iba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josep A.","family":"Tur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de Mallorca, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clotilde","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas IISFJD, University Aut\u00f3noma, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Daimiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Faculty de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Go\u00f1i-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicios de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria, Navarra Regional Health Service 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