{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:12:34Z","timestamp":1777396354899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although shadowing behavior\u2014 when one individual closely follows another\u2014 is routinely documented among patients with dementia, its mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. In particular, there have been no detailed descriptions of patients with shadowing behavior. To propose its potential backgrounds, we describe a patient with posterior cortical atrophy who exhibited prominent shadowing behavior. He also experienced severe difficulties recognizing external stimuli, including visuospatial dysfunction, several types of agnosia, difficulties in verbal comprehension, disorientation, and its associated depression. This shadowing behavior may be adaptive relative to his extreme difficulty with recognizing the world around him.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-230257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1689070816000},"page":"1323-1330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Shadowing Behavior May Be Associated with an Inability to Recognize the External World: A Case Report of Shadowing in a Patient with Posterior Cortical Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Shun","family":"Kudo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga-City, Tochigi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michitaka","family":"Funayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga-City, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Kurose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga-City, Tochigi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga-City, Tochigi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taketo","family":"Takata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga-City, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Mimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750101600301","article-title":"The Algase wandering scale: Initial psychometrics of a new caregiver reporting tool","volume":"16","author":"Algase","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200007000-00007","article-title":"Analysis of behavioral disturbances among community-dwelling elderly with Alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Asada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref3","unstructured":"The International Psychogeriatric Association Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) Educational Pack. http:\/\/www.ipa-online.org\/ipaonlinev3\/ipaprograms\/bpsdarchives\/bpsdrev\/1BPSDfinal.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610201007542","article-title":"Wandering in dementia: A longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Hope","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h369","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h369","article-title":"Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia","volume":"350","author":"Kales","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07317110802468546","article-title":"Dementia caregivers \u2019 most pressing concerns","volume":"32","author":"Nichols","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Gerontol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930050406","article-title":"The nature of wandering in dementia: A community-based study","volume":"5","author":"Hope","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2019.1638944","article-title":"Forced person-following: A new type of stimulus-bound behavior","volume":"25","author":"Funayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref10","first-page":"186","article-title":"Validity and reliability of mini mental state examination-japanese (MMSE-J): A preliminary report","volume":"12","author":"Sugishita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Japan J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.01.014","article-title":"Consensus classification of posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"13","author":"Crutch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref12","volume-title":"Trail Making Test, Japanese edition (TMT-J)","author":"Brain Function Test Committee","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref13","volume-title":"Clinical assessment of attention","author":"Kato","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90159-w","article-title":"Visuospatial working memory dysfunction from tapping span test as a diagnostic tool for patients with mild posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"11","author":"Funayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03956-7","article-title":"Prognostic factors for long-term improvement from stroke-related aphasia with adequate linguistic rehabilitation","volume":"40","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref17","volume-title":"Clinical evaluation of depressive disorders by the MADRS Japanese version using the SIGMA","author":"Inada","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e328013eb8b","article-title":"An easy Z-score imaging system for discrimination between very early Alzheimer\u2019s disease and controls using brain perfusion SPECT in a multicentre study","volume":"28","author":"Matsuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/71.2.109","article-title":"The grasp reflex and the instinctive grasp reaction","volume":"71","author":"Seyffarth","year":"1948","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100021053","article-title":"Frontal behavioral inventory: Diagnostic criteria for frontal lobe dementia","volume":"24","author":"Kertesz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.6.1587","article-title":"The origins of utilization behaviour","volume":"112 (Pt 6)","author":"Shallice","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.162","article-title":"Psychoanatomical substrates of B\u00e1lint\u2019s syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Rizzo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000225","article-title":"A case of overlap posterior cortical atrophy and logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia","volume":"24","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.9.1613","article-title":"Topographical disorientation: A synthesis and taxonomy","volume":"122 (Pt 9)","author":"Aguirre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70039-X","article-title":"Pure topographical disorientation\u2013the anatomical basis of landmark agnosia","volume":"38","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx013","article-title":"Landmark agnosia: Evaluating the definition of landmark-based navigation impairment","volume":"32","author":"Van Der Ham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.041","article-title":"On the behaviour of senile dementia patients vis-\u00e0-vis the mirror: Ajuriaguerra, Strejilevitch and Tissot (1963)","volume":"49","author":"Connors","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2022-0003","article-title":"Is the pathology of posterior cortical atrophy clinically predictable?","volume":"33","author":"Cipriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.2\/msilveri","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Silveri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190924","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease or behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? Review of key points toward an accurate clinical and neuropsychological diagnosis","volume":"73","author":"Musa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230257_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1013","article-title":"From sensation to cognition","volume":"121 (Pt 6)","author":"Mesulam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-230257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:08:09Z","timestamp":1777370889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-230257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-230257","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]}}}