{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:16:47Z","timestamp":1777396607536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The need for early diagnosis biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is growing. Only few studies have reported gustatory dysfunctions in AD using subjective taste tests. Objective: The main purpose of the study was to explore gustatory functions using subjective taste tests and recordings of gustatory evoked potentials (GEPs) for sucrose solution in patients with minor or major cognitive impairment (CI) linked to AD, and to compare them with healthy controls. The secondary objective was to evaluate the relationships between GEPs and the results of cognitive assessments and fasting blood samples. Methods: A total of 45 subjects (15 healthy subjects, 15 minor CI patients, 15 major CI patients) were included to compare their gustatory functions and brain activity by recording GEPs in response to a sucrose stimulation. CI groups were combined in second analyses in order to keep a high power in the study. Correlations were made with cognitive scores and hormone levels (ghrelin, leptin, insulin, serotonin). Results: Increased P1 latencies and reduced N1 amplitudes were observed in minor or major patients compared to controls. GEPs were undetectable in 6 major and 4 minor CI patients. Thresholds for sucrose detection were significantly higher in the major CI group than in controls or the minor CI group. No correlation was found with hormone levels. Conclusions: The cortical processing of sensory taste information seems to be altered in patients with minor or major CI linked to AD. This disturbance was identifiable with subjective taste tests only later, at the major CI stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-230270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T11:30:32Z","timestamp":1700566232000},"page":"1593-1607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Changes in Taste Perception in Patients with Minor and Major Cognitive Impairment Linked to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Recorded by Gustatory Evoked Potentials"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Wafa","family":"El Kadiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"},{"name":"Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Perrignon-Sommet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Delpont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Graber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mouillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Devilliers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Grall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Lienard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjolaine","family":"Georges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Brindisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Brondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Bejot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Leloup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Jacquin-Piques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, Dijon, France"},{"name":"Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"},{"name":"Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782","article-title":"Diagnosis and management ofdementia: Review","volume":"322","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.11.1.96","article-title":"The diagnosis ofmild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease:Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019sAssociation workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019sdisease","volume":"11","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref3","first-page":"263","article-title":"The diagnosis ofdementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from theNational Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups ondiagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"AlzheimersDement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.398","article-title":"Nonoverlapping but synergetic tauand APP pathologies in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Delacourte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref5","first-page":"1526","article-title":"Evidence for ordering of Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers","volume":"68","author":"Jack","year":"2011","journal-title":"ArchNeurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.04.002","article-title":"Defects in IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor and IRS-1\/2 inAlzheimer\u2019s disease indicate possible resistance to IGF-1 andinsulin signalling","volume":"31","author":"Moloney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref7","first-page":"614828","article-title":"Acylated ghrelin as a multi-targetedtherapy for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Reich","year":"2020","journal-title":"FrontNeurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2015.05.006","article-title":"Plasma leptin levels and free leptin index in women withAlzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Baranowska-Bik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.05866","article-title":"Appetite control","volume":"184","author":"Wynne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.014","article-title":"Olfaction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019sdisease","volume":"29","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.84","article-title":"Olfaction inneurodegenerative disease: A meta-analysis of olfactory functioningin Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"55","author":"Mesholam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5300-6","article-title":"Taste in mild cognitive impairment andAlzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"257","author":"Steinbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf185","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion SPET correlated with Braakpathological stage in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Bradley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref14","first-page":"490","article-title":"Prandial states modify thereactivity of the gustatory cortex using gustatory evoked potentialsin humans","volume":"9","author":"Jacquin-Piques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref15","first-page":"591","article-title":"Preference for sucrose solutions modulates tastecortical activity in humans","volume":"41","author":"Jacquin-Piques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-011-9106-4","article-title":"Time for taste-a review ofthe early cerebral processing of gustatory perception","volume":"5","author":"Ohla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosens Percept"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. Apractical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for theclinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current versionand scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref19","first-page":"30","article-title":"Evaluation de la plainte cognitive de patientsAlzheimer, de sujets MCI, anxiod\u00e9pressifs et de t\u00e9moins avecle QPC (Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive).riatr","volume":"4","author":"Thomas-Ant\u00e9rion","year":"2004","journal-title":"NPG NeurolPsychiatr G&rsquo;e"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people:Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref21","first-page":"1696","article-title":"[\u201cThe 5 words\u201d: A simple and sensitive test for the diagnosis ofAlzheimer\u2019s disease]","volume":"31","author":"Dubois","year":"2002","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: A FrontalAssessment Battery at bedside","volume":"55","author":"Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.123.4.467","article-title":"The Set test as an aid to the detectionof dementia in old people","volume":"123","author":"Isaacs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref25","first-page":"526","article-title":"Une batterie rapide de d\u00e9nomination (BARD) enconsultation m\u00e9moire.n\u00e9ralisteG\u00e9rontologie","volume":"12","author":"Croisile","year":"2005","journal-title":"{Rev G&rsquo;e"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.183699","article-title":"Clinical assessment of humangustatory function using event related potentials","volume":"81","author":"Hummel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M086587","article-title":"Cerebral gustatory activation in response to free fatty acids usinggustatory evoked potentials in humans","volume":"60","author":"Mouillot","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020322","article-title":"Differential cerebralgustatory responses to sucrose, aspartame, and stevia usinggustatory evoked potentials in humans","volume":"12","author":"Mouillot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.629","article-title":"Gustatory evokedcortical activity in humans studied by simultaneous EEG and MEGrecording","volume":"27","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308627101","article-title":"Default-modenetwork activity distinguishes Alzheimer\u2019s disease from healthyaging: Evidence from functional MRI","volume":"101","author":"Greicius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.183","article-title":"Evidence forordering of Alzheimer disease biomarkers","volume":"68","author":"Jack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2801","article-title":"Neuronal activity regulates the regionalvulnerability to amyloid-\u03b2 deposition","volume":"14","author":"Bero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing ofAlzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001457","article-title":"Assessment ofgustatory function in aging people using event-related potentials","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.08.015","article-title":"Evaluation ofgustatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2","volume":"108","author":"Gondivkar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215001337","article-title":"Declineof gustatory sensitivity with the progression of Alzheimer\u2019sdisease","volume":"28","author":"Sakai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112904","article-title":"A systematic review ofcognitive event-related potentials in mild cognitive impairment andAlzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"396","author":"Paitel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref40","first-page":"144","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory functioningand food preferences of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mildcognitive impairment compared to controls: The NUDAD project","volume":"267","author":"Doorduijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JNeurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105373","article-title":"ApoE4 attenuates corticalneuronal activity in young behaving apoE4 rats","volume":"155","author":"Har-Paz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24281","article-title":"EEG discrimination of perceptuallysimilar tastes","volume":"97","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314791","article-title":"Clinicalevoked potentials in neurology: A review of techniques andindications","volume":"88","author":"Lascano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1235","article-title":"Prevalence of majorand minor depression in elderly persons with mild cognitiveimpairment\u2013MADRS factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"Gabryelewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214000532","article-title":"Disorders of \u201ctaste cognition\u201d are associatedwith insular involvement in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease andvascular dementia: \u201cMemory of food is impaired in dementia andresponsible for poor diet.\u201d","volume":"26","author":"Suto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3917\/clini.006.0216","article-title":"Perception,pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences et consommation alimentaires chez les personnes\u00e2g\u00e9es atteintes de la maladie d\u2019Alzheimer","volume":"6","author":"Pouyet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cliniques"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref47","first-page":"397","article-title":"Taste, smell and neuropsychological performance ofindividuals at familial risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Schiffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeurobiolAging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3187-z","article-title":"Comparison of olfactory and gustatory disorders inAlzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Kouzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01691-7","article-title":"Detection and recognitionthresholds for five basic tastes in patients with mild cognitiveimpairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"20","author":"Kouzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-019-01084-9","article-title":"Altered plasmavisfatin levels and insulin resistance in patients with Alzheimer\u2019sdisease","volume":"120","author":"Sharifipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170721","article-title":"Increased serumacylated ghrelin levels in patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"61","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-230270_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13275","article-title":"Effect of rivastigmine on plasma butyrylcholine esterase activityand plasma ghrelin levels in patients with dementia in Alzheimer\u2019sdisease","volume":"18","author":"Kuroda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-230270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:08:48Z","timestamp":1777370928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-230270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-230270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]}}}