{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:16:02Z","timestamp":1791080162489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research aimed at the discovery, integration, and communication of health outcome measures (or \u201cbiomarkers\u201d) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease has raised challenging questions related to whether, how and when results from these investigations should be disclosed to research participants. Reflecting the apparent heterogeneity of many neurodegenerative diseases, biomarker or other risk factor results are often probabilistic, interactive, multi-modal, and selective. Such characteristics make it very complex to summarize and communicate to clinicians, researchers, and research participants. Whereas the format and content of academic literature is well-managed by the peer-review process, reporting individualized results to participants involves complex, sensitive, and ethical considerations. This paper describes three key factors to consider in decisions about the return of results to research participants: complexity, precision, and responsibility. The paper also presents six practical recommendations for implementing meaningful and ethical communication with research participants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-230359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T11:50:43Z","timestamp":1706615443000},"page":"1083-1090","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Return of Biomarker Results in Research: Balancing Complexity, Precision, and Ethical Responsibility"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Robillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"BC Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Masellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"BC Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara S.","family":"Khachaturian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Campaign to Prevent Alzheimer\u2019s Disease 2020, Inc. 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