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Malignant brain aging establishes the path toward dementing neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). The full spectrum of AD includes progressive dysfunction of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the microvascular systems, and is mechanistically driven by insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) deficiencies and resistances with accompanying deficits in energy balance, increased cellular stress, inflammation, and impaired perfusion, mimicking the core features of diabetes mellitus. The underlying pathophysiological derangements result in mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein aggregation, increased oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, aberrant autophagy, and abnormal post-translational modification of proteins, all of which are signature features of both AD and dysregulated insulin\/IGF-1-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. This article connects the dots from benign to malignant aging to neurodegeneration by reviewing the salient pathologies associated with initially adaptive and later dysfunctional mTOR signaling in the brain. Effective therapeutic and preventive measures must be two-pronged and designed to 1) address complex and shifting impairments in mTOR signaling through the re-purpose of effective anti-diabetes therapeutics that target the brain, and 2) minimize the impact of extrinsic mediators of benign to malignant aging transitions, e.g., inflammatory states, obesity, systemic insulin resistance diseases, and repeated bouts of general anesthesia, by minimizing exposures or implementing neuroprotective measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-230555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T13:43:18Z","timestamp":1694526198000},"page":"1301-1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Malignant Brain Aging: The Formidable Link Between Dysregulated Signaling Through Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Pathways and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (Type 3 Diabetes)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"de la Monte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1379.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"S102","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid markers of pathogenetic processes in vascular dementia, with special reference to the subcortical subtype","volume":"13","author":"Wallin A","year":"1999","unstructured":"WallinA, BlennowK, RosengrenL (1999) Cerebrospinal fluid markers of pathogenetic processes in vascular dementia, with special reference to the subcortical subtype. 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