{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:27:57Z","timestamp":1791919677621,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-\u03b2 plaques. Recent research has unveiled the pivotal role of insulin signaling dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. Insulin, once thought to be unrelated to brain function, has emerged as a crucial factor in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive processes. Insulin and the downstream insulin signaling molecules are found mainly in the hippocampus and cortex. Some molecules responsible for dysfunction in insulin signaling are GSK-3\u03b2, Akt, PI3K, and IRS. Irregularities in insulin signaling or insulin resistance may arise from changes in the phosphorylation levels of key molecules, which can be influenced by both stimulation and inactivity. This, in turn, is believed to be a crucial factor contributing to the development of AD, which is characterized by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and other pathological hallmarks. Furthermore, this route is known to be indirectly influenced by Nrf2, NF-\u03baB, and the caspases. This mini-review delves into the intricate relationship between insulin signaling and AD, exploring how disruptions in this pathway contribute to disease progression. Moreover, we examine recent advances in drug delivery systems designed to target insulin signaling for AD treatment. From oral insulin delivery to innovative nanoparticle approaches and intranasal administration, these strategies hold promise in mitigating the impact of insulin resistance on AD. This review consolidates current knowledge to shed light on the potential of these interventions as targeted therapeutic options for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-231181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T10:34:25Z","timestamp":1712658865000},"page":"1169-1179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Systems Targeting Insulin Signalling for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Punya","family":"Sachdeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GloNeuro, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan Badri","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitendra Kumar","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GloNeuro, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shampa","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GloNeuro, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjawadi, 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Kumar","family":"Kotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod Kumar","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Paiva-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosleh Mohammad","family":"Abomughaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehnaz","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Hamoud","family":"ALHarbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control, Senior Consultant of Public Health, King Khalid Hospital, Al Majmaah, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awadh Aedh","family":"ALMutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saikat","family":"Dewanjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohana Vamsi","family":"Nuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugam","family":"Vippamakula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MB School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Babu University, A. 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