{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T20:52:53Z","timestamp":1778014373073,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) pathology is considered to begin in the brainstem, and cerebral microglia are known to play a critical role in AD pathogenesis, yet little is known about brainstem microglia in AD. Translocator protein (TSPO) PET, sensitive to activated microglia, shows high signal in dorsal brainstem in humans, but the precise location and clinical correlates of this signal are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To define age and AD associations of brainstem TSPO PET signal in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We applied new probabilistic maps of brainstem nuclei to quantify PET-measured TSPO expression over the whole brain including brainstem in 71 subjects (43 controls scanned using\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-PK11195; 20 controls and 8 AD subjects scanned using\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C-PBR28). We focused on inferior colliculi (IC) because of visually-obvious high signal in this region, and potential relevance to auditory dysfunction in AD. We also assessed bilateral cortex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TSPO expression was normally high in IC and other brainstem regions. IC TSPO was decreased with aging (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a0.001) and in AD subjects versus controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a0.004). In cortex, TSPO expression was increased with aging (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a0.030) and AD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a0.033).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decreased IC TSPO expression with aging and AD\u2014an opposite pattern than in cortex\u2014highlights underappreciated regional heterogeneity in microglia phenotype, and implicates IC in a biological explanation for strong links between hearing loss and AD. Unlike in cerebrum, where TSPO expression is considered pathological, activated microglia in IC and other brainstem nuclei may play a beneficial, homeostatic role. Additional study of brainstem microglia in aging and AD is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-231312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T11:09:32Z","timestamp":1713870572000},"page":"307-319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reduction in Constitutively Activated Auditory Brainstem Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tracy","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 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