{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:17:20Z","timestamp":1777393040152,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder which primarily involves memory and cognitive functions. It is increasingly recognized that motor involvement is also a common and significant aspect of AD, contributing to functional decline and profoundly impacting quality of life. Motor impairment, either at early or later stages of cognitive disorders, can be considered as a proxy measure of cognitive impairment, and technological devices can provide objective measures for both diagnosis and prognosis purposes. However, compared to other neurodegenerative disorders, the use of technological tools in neurocognitive disorders, including AD, is still in its infancy. Objective: This report aims to evaluate the role of technological devices in assessing motor involvement across the AD spectrum and in other dementing conditions, providing an overview of the existing devices that show promise in this area and exploring their clinical applications. Methods: The evaluation involves a review of the existing literature in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases on the effectiveness of these technologies. 21 studies were identified and categorized as: wearable inertial sensors\/IMU, console\/kinect, gait analysis, tapping device, tablet\/mobile, and computer. Results: We found several parameters, such as speed and stride length, that appear promising for detecting abnormal motor function in MCI or dementia. In addition, some studies have found correlations between these motor aspects and cognitive state. Conclusions: Clinical application of technological tools to assess motor function in people with cognitive impairments of a neurodegenerative nature, such as AD, may improve early detection and stratification of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-240559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T11:37:28Z","timestamp":1726227448000},"page":"1083-1106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toward Quantitative Neurology: Sensors to Assess Motor Deficits in Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Mehrnaz","family":"Hamedani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Caneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"Mancardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo Alessandro","family":"Al\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Fiaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Massa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Schenone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Chapter 11 - Prognostication in dementia","author":"Ramsey","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.22027","article-title":"Dementia epidemiology fact sheet 2022","volume":"46","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000445831","article-title":"The impact of mild cognitive impairment on gait and balance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using instrumented assessment","volume":"63","author":"Bahureksa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8841-8","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of finger tapping characteristics in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"265","author":"Roalf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0392-6","article-title":"Gait speed or gait variability, which one to use as a marker of risk to develop Alzheimer disease? A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Gillain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.514","article-title":"At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Albers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0238690","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238690","article-title":"Cognition and motor function: The gait and cognition pooled index","volume":"15","author":"Kueper","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.022","article-title":"Clinician versus machine: reliability and responsiveness of motor endpoints in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Heldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00677","article-title":"A perspective on wearable sensor measurements and data science for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Matias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00202","article-title":"Quantifying motor impairment in movement disorders","volume":"12","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945274","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.945274","article-title":"Develop a diagnostic tool for dementia using machine learning and non-imaging features","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20210249","article-title":"Applied machine learning in Alzheimer\u2019s disease research: omics, imaging, and clinical data","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Top Life Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10026","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910026","article-title":"Innovations in health care\u2014a conceptual framework","volume":"18","author":"Flessa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-35","article-title":"Quantitative gait analysis under dual-task in older people with mild cognitive impairment: a reliability study","volume":"6","author":"Montero-Odasso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz160","article-title":"Different combinations of mobility metrics derived from a wearable sensor are associated with distinct health outcomes in older adults","volume":"75","author":"Buchman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1111-7","article-title":"Wearables for gait and balance assessment in the neurological ward - study design and first results of a prospective cross-sectional feasibility study with 384 inpatients","volume":"18","author":"Bernhard","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3891253","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3891253","article-title":"Application of machine learning in postural control kinematics for the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2016","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01715-9","article-title":"Clinical assessment of gait and functional mobility in Italian healthy and cognitively impaired older persons using wearable inertial sensors","volume":"33","author":"Mulas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2325413","article-title":"Gait and balance analysis for patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease using an inertial-sensor-based wearable instrument","volume":"18","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2008.10.004","article-title":"The value of instrumental gait analysis in elderly healthy, MCI or Alzheimer\u2019s disease subjects and a comparison with other clinical tests used in single and dual-task conditions","volume":"52","author":"Gillain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000515939","article-title":"Digital biomarkers of cognitive frailty: the value of detailed gait assessment beyond gait speed","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896437","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.896437","article-title":"High fall risk associated with memory deficit and brain lobes atrophy among elderly with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06550-8","article-title":"Balance and gait performance in older adults with early-stage cognitive impairment","volume":"57","author":"Kuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1159\/000515940","article-title":"Evaluation of motor and cognitive performance in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease using Instrumented Trail-Making Test","volume":"68","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.2196\/games.5696","article-title":"Validation of a computerized, game-based assessment strategy to measure training effects on motor-cognitive functions in people with dementia","volume":"4","author":"Wiloth","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030813","article-title":"The impact of environment on gait assessment: considerations from real-world gait analysis in dementia subtypes","volume":"21","author":"Mc Ardle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/10833196.2019.1639012","article-title":"Exergames for motor rehabilitation in older adults: an umbrella review","volume":"24","author":"Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101370","article-title":"Association between cerebral coordination functions and clinical outcomes of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.11336\/jjcrs.7.19","article-title":"Assessment of finger motor skills in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Relationship between finger-to-thumb tapping and cognitive function","volume":"7","author":"Suzumura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref34","first-page":"122","article-title":"Assessment of finger motor function that reflects the severity of cognitive function","volume":"7","author":"Suzumura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fujita Med J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/15691861221109872","article-title":"Finger Tapping Test for assessing the risk of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"35","author":"Suzumura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hong Kong J Occup Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcac194","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac194","article-title":"A novel framework to estimate cognitive impairment via finger interaction with digital devices","volume":"4","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.006","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment deteriorate fine movement control","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00913-4","article-title":"A wearable ring-shaped inertial system to identify action planning impairments during reach-to-grasp sequences: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Rovini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010037","article-title":"Random forest model in the diagnosis of dementia patients with normal Mini-Mental State Examination scores","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-240559_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070922","article-title":"Latest trends in outcome measures in dementia and mild cognitive impairment trials","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-240559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:59:10Z","timestamp":1777370350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medra.org\/servlet\/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233\/JAD-240559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-240559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]}}}