{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:53:25Z","timestamp":1788994405885,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: While drainage\/removal of fluid and toxins from the brain by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly into venous blood is well-known, a second drainage route has recently been (re)discovered\u2014meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs)\u2014which are responsible for up to half of total brain fluid\/toxin drainage. The cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increases mLV diameter and numbers to increase mLV drainage, resulting in increased mLV drainage. Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is characterized by low plasma and CSF levels of VEGF. Objective: To determine if non-invasive transcranial radiofrequency wave treatment (TRFT), through modulation of VEGF levels in blood and CSF, can affect removal of toxins tau and amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) from the brain. Methods: Eight mild\/moderate AD subjects were given twice-daily 1-hour TRFT sessions at home by their caregivers. Blood and CSF samples were taken at baseline and following completion of 2 months of TRFT. Results: In plasma and\/or CSF, strong baseline correlations between VEGF levels and AD markers (t-tau, p-tau, A\u03b21-40, A\u03b21-42) were eliminated by TRFT. This effect was primarily due to TRFT-induced increases in VEGF levels in AD subjects with low or unmeasurable \u201cbaseline\u201d VEGF levels. These increased VEGF levels were associated with increased clearance\/drainage of tau and A\u03b2 from the brain, likely through VEGF\u2019s actions on mLVs. Conclusions: A new mechanism of TRFT is identified (facilitation of brain tau and A\u03b2 clearance via VEGF) that is likely contributory to TRFT\u2019s reversal of cognitive impairment in AD subjects. TRFT may be particularly effective for cognitive benefit in AD subjects who have low VEGF levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-240600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T10:57:58Z","timestamp":1724151478000},"page":"S223-S241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Enhanced Brain Clearance of Tau and Amyloid-\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients by Transcranial Radiofrequency Wave Treatment: A Central Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Gary W.","family":"Arendash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RF Longevity, Phoenix, AZ, USA"},{"name":"NeuroEM Therapeutics, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 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