{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:05:23Z","timestamp":1792181123788,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Huntington's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington\u2019s disease (HD). Understanding its pathophysiology is important in establishing a preventive and therapeutic plan. In this literature review, we cover the physiology of olfaction, its role in neurodegeneration, and its characteristics in patients with HD. In the general population, olfactory dysfunction is present in 3.8\u20135.8%and the prevalence increases significantly in those older than 80 years. For HD, data regarding prevalence rates are lacking and the scales used have been inconsistent or have been restructured due to concerns about cross-cultural understanding. Pathogenic huntingtin deposits have been found in the olfactory bulb of individuals with HD, although no studies have correlated this with the grade of olfactory impairment. Olfactory dysfunction is present in both premanifest and manifest patients with HD, showing a progressive decline over time with more severe deficits at advanced stages. No specific treatment for olfactory impairment in HD has been proposed; identifying and avoiding potential medications that cause olfactory dysfunction, as well as general safety recommendations remain the basis of the therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jhd-210497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T12:42:19Z","timestamp":1635252139000},"page":"413-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Olfactory Dysfunction in Huntington\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Patino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Karagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivika","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivedita","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin Furr","family":"Stimming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13413"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.008"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638708405208"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30280-6"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.036"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-2012-120018"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020146"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00348-X"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00464-8"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-046884-6.01316-6"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.082701.102219"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22338"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200007000-00001"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80581-4"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-006-0391-8"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.03.009.2009","volume":"3","author":"Fleischer J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2666"},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-7-7"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02469.2002"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.04.005"},{"key":"ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02185"},{"key":"ref022","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Nagayama S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Differential axonal projection of mitral and tufted cells in the mouse main olfactory system. Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000381619"},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006919"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref025","first-page":"176","volume":"19","author":"Costa MD","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa221"},{"key":"ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8391"},{"key":"ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.4.545"},{"key":"ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1124025"},{"key":"ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.11.1995"},{"key":"ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn345"},{"key":"ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30123-0"},{"key":"ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21327"},{"key":"ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.12.013"},{"key":"ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00079-5"},{"key":"ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055886"},{"key":"ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140621"},{"key":"ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1127"},{"key":"ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10776"},{"key":"ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00094"},{"key":"ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa099"},{"key":"ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.617229"},{"key":"ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.03.018"},{"key":"ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7825-0_6"},{"key":"ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.4.598"},{"key":"ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617799577035"},{"key":"ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600726829"},{"key":"ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700000278"},{"key":"ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.17.1.119"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref050","first-page":"1","volume":"110","author":"H\u00fcttenbrink KB","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500473746"},{"key":"ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70276-3"},{"key":"ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.7926"},{"key":"ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4212"},{"key":"ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(01)OA10"},{"key":"ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.09.023"},{"key":"ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199603000-00021"},{"key":"ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2013.796406"},{"key":"ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21670"},{"key":"ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3280102302"},{"key":"ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81209-X"},{"key":"ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06569-4"},{"key":"ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.128728"},{"key":"ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1992.tb00824.x"},{"key":"ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.4.428"},{"key":"ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00261"},{"key":"ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KandasamyM, AignerL. Reactive neuroblastosis in Huntington\u2019s disease: A putative therapeutic target for striatal regeneration in the adult brain. 2018 Mar 9;12:37.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00037"},{"key":"ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-11-114"},{"key":"ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.657338"},{"key":"ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90038-P"},{"key":"ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-013-8219-0"},{"key":"ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-018-9609-4"},{"key":"ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.10.031"},{"key":"ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00114"},{"key":"ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0923-1"},{"key":"ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.21.3.341.918"},{"key":"ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70170-X"},{"key":"ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2018.02.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref079","first-page":"427","volume":"61","author":"Bromley SM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20101"},{"key":"ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05939-3"},{"key":"ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2747-y"},{"key":"ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2019.04.002"},{"key":"ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.1728"}],"container-title":["Journal of Huntington's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JHD-210497","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JHD-210497","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JHD-210497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:56:03Z","timestamp":1777452963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JHD-210497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JHD-210497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jhd-210497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1879-6397","1879-6400"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1879-6397","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-6400","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}}}