{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:27:52Z","timestamp":1791912472849,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531267200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acquired Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disease caused by autoantibodies against components of the neuromuscular junction. It is a prototype organ-specific autoimmune disease with well-defined antigenic targets mainly the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Patients suffer from fluctuating, fatigable muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Various therapeutic strategies have been used over the years to alleviate MG symptoms. These strategies aim at improving the transmission of the nerve impulse to muscle or at lowering the immune system with steroids or immunosuppressant drugs. Nevertheless, MG remains a chronic disease and symptoms tend to persist in many patients, some being or becoming refractory over time. In this review, based on recent experimental data on MG or based on results from clinical trials for other autoimmune diseases, we explore new potential therapeutic approaches for MG patients, going from non-specific approaches with the use of stem cells with their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties to targeted therapies using monoclonal antibodies specific for cell-surface antigens or circulating molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jnd-170294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T13:47:04Z","timestamp":1531489624000},"page":"265-277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["New Pathways and Therapeutic Targets in Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Behin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"APHP, Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Nord\/Est\/Ile-de-France, Institut de Myologie, GH Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, Paris, France"},{"name":"AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozen","family":"Le Panse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U974, Paris, France"},{"name":"UPMC Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France"},{"name":"AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92779-8"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85520"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22312"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.003"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(87)90092-0"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328364d6cd"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.6.1167"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21628"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref009","first-page":"6","volume":"151","author":"Eymard B","year":"1995","journal-title":"Revue Neurologique"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050604"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000050461.05432.C5"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn092"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35074025"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg223"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20386"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.10.031"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.10.002"},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2393"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.004"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66039"},{"key":"ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.0001"},{"key":"ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51282.x"},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.05.006"},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3752"},{"key":"ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915728"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref026","first-page":"2115","volume":"145","author":"Leprince C","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phenotypic and functional analysis. J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref027","first-page":"902","volume":"81","author":"Melms A","year":"1988","journal-title":"Isolation of T-lymphocyte lines specific for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from thymuses of myasthenic patients. J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.1.66"},{"key":"ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(91)90018-8"},{"key":"ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602489"},{"key":"ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590802588831"},{"key":"ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90044-2"},{"key":"ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90080-9"},{"key":"ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.09.001"},{"key":"ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1261"},{"key":"ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.015"},{"key":"ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.06.011"},{"key":"ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.10.015"},{"key":"ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3900"},{"key":"ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.09.012"},{"key":"ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.015"},{"key":"ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002790"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref043","first-page":"84","volume":"3","author":"Dezern AE","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Blood Research"},{"key":"ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000202"},{"key":"ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4190"},{"key":"ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25597"},{"key":"ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000473"},{"key":"ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2016.09.006"},{"key":"ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezu352"},{"key":"ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.05.020"},{"key":"ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0113"},{"key":"ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838729"},{"key":"ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02445.x"},{"key":"ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89665"},{"key":"ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3587::AID-IMMU3587>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6893"},{"key":"ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu1032oa"},{"key":"ref058","first-page":"939520","author":"Ragheb S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmune Diseases"},{"key":"ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.05.010"},{"key":"ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.10.1358"},{"key":"ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6092-z"},{"key":"ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25162"},{"key":"ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.016"},{"key":"ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51"},{"key":"ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2017.1291343"},{"key":"ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S114552"},{"key":"ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2383"},{"key":"ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.12.001"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref069","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Klimatcheva E","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201445064"},{"key":"ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.05.008"},{"key":"ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.044"},{"key":"ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13185"},{"key":"ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew346"},{"key":"ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00204.x"},{"key":"ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02113.x"},{"key":"ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206090"},{"key":"ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202576"},{"key":"ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3153"},{"key":"ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00152-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref081","first-page":"121","volume":"4","author":"Cohen-Kaminsky S","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0179-6"},{"key":"ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.1077"},{"key":"ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.12.001"},{"key":"ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211328"},{"key":"ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1316909"},{"key":"ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EskandariSK, SeelenMAJ, LinG, AzziJR. The immuno-proleasome: An old player with a novel and emerging role in alloimmunity. American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2017;17(12):3033\u20133039.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14435"},{"key":"ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1763"},{"key":"ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002539"},{"key":"ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301555"},{"key":"ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.08.005"},{"key":"ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406233302507"},{"key":"ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070240"},{"key":"ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.147.4.973"},{"key":"ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.8.2654"},{"key":"ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21536"},{"key":"ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.7.3847"},{"key":"ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.08.002"},{"key":"ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.05.006"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23839"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30369-1"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14426"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JND-170294","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JND-170294","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JND-170294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:53:31Z","timestamp":1777506811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JND-170294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JND-170294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jnd-170294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-3599","2214-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-3599","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]}}}