{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:44:41Z","timestamp":1790815481028,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MRI of extra-ocular muscles (EOM) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) could aid in diagnosis and provide insights in therapy-resistant ophthalmoplegia. We used quantitative MRI to study the EOM in MG, healthy and disease controls, including Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy (GO), oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty recently diagnosed MG (59\u00b119yrs), nineteen chronic MG (51\u00b116yrs), fourteen seronegative MG (57\u00b19yrs) and sixteen healthy controls (54\u00b113yrs) were included. Six CPEO (49\u00b114yrs), OPMD (62\u00b110yrs) and GO patients (44\u00b112yrs) served as disease controls. We quantified muscle fat fraction (FF), T2\n                      <jats:sub>water<\/jats:sub>\n                      and volume. Eye ductions and gaze deviations were assessed by synoptophore and Hess-charting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic, but not recent onset, MG patients showed volume increases (e.g. superior rectus and levator palpebrae [SR+LPS] 985\u00b1155\u200amm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      compared to 884\u00b1269\u200amm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      for healthy controls,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a&lt;\u200a0.05). As expected, in CPEO volume was decreased (e.g. SR+LPS 602\u00b1193\u200amm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a&lt;\u200a0.0001), and in GO volume was increased (e.g. SR+LPS 1419\u00b1457\u200amm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a&lt;\u200a0.0001). FF was increased in chronic MG (e.g. medial rectus increased 0.017,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a&lt;\u200a0.05). In CPEO and OPMD the FF was more severely increased. The severity of ophthalmoplegia did not correlate with EOM volume in MG, but did in CPEO and OPMD. No differences in T2\n                      <jats:sub>water<\/jats:sub>\n                      were found.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed small increases in EOM volume and FF in chronic MG compared to healthy controls. Surprisingly, we found no atrophy in MG, even in patients with long-term ophthalmoplegia. This implies that even long-term ophthalmoplegia in MG does not lead to secondary structural myopathic changes precluding functional recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jnd-230023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T09:37:04Z","timestamp":1683711424000},"page":"869-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Eye Muscle MRI in Myasthenia Gravis and Other Neuromuscular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9300-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Keene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3625-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene C.","family":"Notting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4572-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan J.G.M.","family":"Verschuuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Voermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald. O.B.","family":"de Keizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rotterdam Eye Hospital","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0479-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Willem M.","family":"Beenakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2929-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martijn R.","family":"Tannemaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermien E.","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000526"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20950"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00297-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FOPHT.2022.912805"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-180333"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3801-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojoph.2014.44019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2006.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/AIAN.AIAN_1039_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_1039_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00234-021-02753-4\/TABLES\/3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13471"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/JNNP-2022-329859"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0000000000000038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0652-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6552-2_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/MUS.25529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.52.7.1487"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3459"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/MRM.24667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8547-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"2003","article-title":"In-Vivo T1 and T2 Measurements of Muskoloskeletal Tussie at 3T and 15T.","author":"Han E","unstructured":"HanE, GoldG, StainsbyJ, BeaulieuJ, BrittainJ. In-Vivo T1 and T2 Measurements of Muskoloskeletal Tussie at 3T and 15T.. Vol 166. 2003.","journal-title":"Vol 166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/aoj.56.1.166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-018-2103-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2009.12741"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530701745181"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Structural organization of the extraocular muscles","volume":"2","author":"Spencer RF","year":"1988","unstructured":"SpencerRF, PorterJD. Structural organization of the extraocular muscles. Rev Oculomot Res. 1988;2:33\u201379. Accessed February 15, 2021. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3153651\/2021.","journal-title":"Rev Oculomot Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-019-02400-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591575104400812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1508"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01343"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10334-021-00961-W"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25035"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JND-230023","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JND-230023","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JND-230023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:44:07Z","timestamp":1769514247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JND-230023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JND-230023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jnd-230023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-3599","2214-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-3599","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]}}}