{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:53:55Z","timestamp":1790106835860,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The detection of prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is desirable to test drugs with neuroprotective potential, but will be affected by known disease variations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: To assess the prevalence of four key non-motor prodromal PD markers, and evaluate the sensitivity of case detection when non-motor screening tools for prodromal PD are implemented in an early clinical PD cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Hyposmia (University of Pennsylvania smell identification test \u226415th centile or Sniffin\u2019 Sticks at or \u226410th centile corrected for age and sex), rapid-eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD questionnaire &gt;4), constipation (&lt;1 daily spontaneous bowel motion) and depression (Leeds &gt;6) were recorded in recent onset PD cases, and proposed non-motor screening criteria applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: In 1,719 PD cases, mean age 68.6 years (SD 8.1), 65.5% male, mean disease duration 1.3 years (SD 0.9), 72.2% were hyposmic, 43.3% had RBD, 22.1% depression, and 21.5% constipation. 11.6% of cases had no key non-motor features, 38.8% one, 32.1% two, 15.5% three, and 2.0% all four. Increasing numbers of non-motor features were associated with younger age ( p\u200a=\u200a0.019), higher motor scores ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001), more postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001), greater cognitive impairment ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001) and higher total non-motor burden ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001). Cases with hyposmia alone were younger ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001), had less severe cognitive ( p = 0.006) and other non-motor features ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001). All screening criteria selected younger patients ( p = 0.001, p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001), three of four greater overall non-motor burden ( p = 0.005, p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001), and inclusion of RBD more cognitive impairment ( p = 0.003, p = 0.001) and PIGD ( p = 0.004, p = 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Varying sensitivity levels, and age and phenotype selectivity, are found when different non-motor screening methods to detect prodromal PD are applied to an early clinical PD cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-150741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]],"date-time":"2016-05-27T07:48:03Z","timestamp":1464335283000},"page":"289-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Variation in Recent Onset Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Implications for Prodromal Detection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Diane M.A.","family":"Swallow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Grosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Malek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nin P.","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger A.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Ben-Shlomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Burn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Foltynie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huw R.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas W.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald G.","family":"Grosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of PRoBaND Clinical 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