{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:40:08Z","timestamp":1789990808412,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-181305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]],"date-time":"2018-03-27T15:54:08Z","timestamp":1522166048000},"page":"259-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["High Prevalence of Undiagnosed Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetic Subjects with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elliot","family":"Hogg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishore","family":"Athreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Echo E.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tagliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196006000-00017","article-title":"Progression and prognosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"130","author":"Schwab","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Experience clinique avec le tolbutamide dans la maladie de Parkinson","volume":"90","author":"Barbeau","year":"1961","journal-title":"Union Med Can"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971122part2360","article-title":"Glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid metabolism in Parkinson\u2019s disease treated with levodopa","volume":"12","author":"Woert","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459209000547","article-title":"The association of diabetes mellitus with dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"64","author":"Sandyk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182553cc9","article-title":"Clinical features of Parkinson disease when onset of diabetes came first A case-control study","volume":"78","author":"Cereda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2011","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3549","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003549","article-title":"Risk of Parkinson disease in diabetes mellitus: An updated meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies","volume":"95","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25016","article-title":"Metabolic markers or conditions preceding Parkinson\u2019s disease: A case-control study","volume":"27","author":"Savica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110914","article-title":"Characterization of the insulin resistance of aging","volume":"71","author":"Rowe","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.01.010","article-title":"Consumption of a high-fat diet induces central insulin resistance independent of adiposity","volume":"103","author":"Clegg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500877112","article-title":"Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders","volume":"112","author":"Kleinridders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2015.03.006","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein overexpression negatively regulates insulin receptor substrate 1 by activating mTORC1\/S6K1 signaling","volume":"64","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref14","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Determination of the insulin resistance index by the Homeostasis Model Assessment in a population of Metropolitan Region in Chile","volume":"130","author":"Acosta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-26","article-title":"Optimal cut-off of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome: Third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in Iran (SuRFNCD-2007)","volume":"7","author":"Esteghamati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164109336038","article-title":"HOMA-beta in the UKPDS and ADOPT. Is the natural history of type 2 diabetes characterised by a progressive and inexorable loss of insulin secretory function? Maybe? Maybe not?","volume":"6","author":"Reaven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","article-title":"Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-9920","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"30","author":"Nathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800541","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1960-1994","volume":"22","author":"Flegal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.01.013","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Mechanisms of action","volume":"21","author":"Athauda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31585-4","article-title":"Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Athauda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.006","article-title":"Insulin resistance and gray matter volume in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"270","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.12.012","article-title":"Weight gain and increased central obesity in the early phase of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Vikdahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490331","article-title":"Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: Correlations with insulin resistance","volume":"149","author":"Silha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.09.016","article-title":"Body fat distribution in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An MRI-based body fat quantification study","volume":"33","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500000982","article-title":"Visceral fat and insulin resistance\u2014causative or correlative?","volume":"83","author":"Frayn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10543","article-title":"Body weight gain rate in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and deep brain stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Barichella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold SE , Arvanitakis Z , Macauley-Rambach SL , Koenig AM , Wang HY , Ahima RS , Craft S , Gandy S , Buettner C , Stoeckel LE , Holtzman DM , Nathan DM (2018) Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: Concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol. doi: 10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.7.1067","article-title":"Insulin resistance in cognitive impairment. The InCHIANTI Study","volume":"62","author":"Geroldi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.4.476","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis in Huntington disease. Abnormalities in insulin sensitivity and early-phase insulin secretion","volume":"65","author":"Lali\u0107","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.12.008","article-title":"Dementia is associated with insulin resistance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"315","author":"Bosco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.03.006","article-title":"Amnestic dementia impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The role of body composition, ageing and insulin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Schelp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutri ESPEN"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21586","article-title":"Prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients","volume":"22","author":"Martinez-Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.5.353","article-title":"The Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39): Development and validation of a Parkinson\u2019s disease summary index score","volume":"26","author":"Jenkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971122part2360","article-title":"Glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid metabolism in Parkinson\u2019s disease treated with levodopa","volume":"12","author":"Woert","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487","article-title":"Use and abuse of HOMA modeling","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.2.362","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment is a reliable indicator of insulin resistance during follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Katsuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.009","article-title":". Fasting serum insulin and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the monitoring of lifestyle interventions in obese persons","volume":"40","author":"Vogeser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.7.1087","article-title":"The homeostasis model in the San Antonio heart study","volume":"20","author":"Haffner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v2i3.100","article-title":"Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods","volume":"2","author":"Kurto\u011flu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2000.16","article-title":"Evidence of pleiotropic loci for fasting insulin, total fat mass, and abdominal visceral fat in a sedentary population: The HERITAGE family study","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(02)00412-X","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of insulin resistance and visceral adiposity: The IRAS Family Study design and methods","volume":"13","author":"Henkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.01.003","article-title":"Effect of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and intra-abdominal adiposity on the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus","volume":"120","author":"Rader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1306-7","article-title":"Environmental, life-style, and physical precursors of clinical Parkinson\u2019s disease: Recent findings from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study","volume":"250","author":"Abbott","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.2.273","article-title":"Insulin resistance in aging is related to abdominal obesity","volume":"42","author":"Kohrt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110908","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin resistance in aging","volume":"71","author":"Fink","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10577","article-title":"Weight loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.4.839","article-title":"Effects of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in obesity","volume":"48","author":"Goodpaster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.9.1353","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity differs among ethnic groups with a compensatory response in beta-cell function","volume":"23","author":"Chiu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prediabetes in California: Nearly half of California adults on path to diabetes","volume":"PB2016-1","author":"Babey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Policy Brief (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-181305_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.14.3.173","article-title":"Insulin resistance: A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JPD-181305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:46:12Z","timestamp":1777610772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JPD-181305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-181305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7171","1877-718X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7171","type":"print"},{"value":"1877-718X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]}}}