{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:02:14Z","timestamp":1790996534389,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder thought to be caused by accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1-syn) within the brain, autonomic nerves, and the enteric nervous system (ENS). Involvement of the ENS in PD often precedes the onset of the classic motor signs of PD by many years at a time when severe constipation represents a major morbidity. Studies conducted in vitro and in vivo, have shown that squalamine, a zwitterionic amphipathic aminosterol, originally isolated from the liver of the dogfish shark, effectively displaces membrane-bound \u03b1-syn. Objective: Here we explore the electrophysiological effect of squalamine on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mouse models of PD engineered to express the highly aggregating A53T human \u03b1-syn mutant. Methods: GI motility and in vivo response to oral squalamine in PD model mice and controls were assessed using an in vitro tissue motility protocol and via fecal pellet output. Vagal afferent response to squalamine was measured using extracellular mesenteric nerve recordings from the jejunum. Whole cell patch clamp was performed to measure response to squalamine in the myenteric plexus. Results: Squalamine effectively restores disordered colonic motility in vivo and within minutes of local application to the bowel. We show that topical squalamine exposure to intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) of the ENS rapidly restores excitability. Conclusion: These observations may help to explain how squalamine may promote gut propulsive activity through local effects on IPANs in the ENS, and further support its possible utility in the treatment of constipation in patients with PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-202076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T10:36:35Z","timestamp":1599561395000},"page":"1477-1491","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Squalamine Restores the Function of the Enteric Nervous System in Mouse Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Christine L.","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Kang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilini","family":"Delungahawatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Y.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohana","family":"Farhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"McQuade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanti","family":"Diwakarla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruslan","family":"Pustovit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Stanisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bienenstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Barbut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enterin, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zasloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enterin, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"MedStar\u2013Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Furness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang A.","family":"Kunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-002-0808-2","article-title":"Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: Possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen","volume":"110","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00007-1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.012","article-title":"Gastric \u0152\u00b1-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner\u2019s and Auerbach\u2019s plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson\u2019s disease-related brain pathology","volume":"396","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00037","article-title":"Exploring Braak\u2019s hypothesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Rietdijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23838","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in colonic submucosa in early untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6801-2","article-title":"Gastrointestinal manifestations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Prevalence and occurrence before motor symptoms","volume":"260","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.09.026","article-title":"Risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease following severe constipation: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.197","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Parkinson disease-the gut-brain axis and environmental factors","volume":"11","author":"Klingelhoefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1343-6","article-title":"Direct evidence of Parkinson pathology spread from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain in rats","volume":"128","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.035","article-title":"Transneuronal propagation of pathologic alpha-synuclein from the gut to the brain models Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02040-w","article-title":"Evidence for bidirectional and trans-synaptic parasympathetic and sympathetic propagation of alpha-synuclein in rats","volume":"138","author":"Van Den Berge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8762","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008762","article-title":"Progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease pathology is reproduced by intragastric administration of rotenone in mice","volume":"5","author":"Pan-Montojo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00898","article-title":"Environmental toxins trigger PD-like progression via increased alpha-synuclein release from enteric neurons in mice","volume":"2","author":"Pan-Montojo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0355-5","article-title":"A not entirely benign procedure: Progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"115","author":"Del Tredici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24448","article-title":"Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Svensson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.01.008","article-title":"Induction of alpha-synuclein pathology in the enteric nervous system of the rat and non-human primate results in gastrointestinal dysmotility and transient CNS pathology","volume":"112","author":"Manfredsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00216485","article-title":"Distribution of peptide-containing neurons and endocrine cells in the rabbit gastrointestinal tract, with particular reference to the mucosa","volume":"248","author":"Keast","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90010-8","article-title":"Projections of peptide-containing neurons in rat small intestine","volume":"20","author":"Ekblad","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20217","article-title":"Inhibition of protein kinase A in murine enteric neurons causes lethal intestinal pseudo-obstruction","volume":"66","author":"Howe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-245282","article-title":"The gut-brain axis rewired: Adding a functional vagal nicotinic \u201csensory synapse\u201d","volume":"28","author":"Perez-Burgos","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(93)90040-T","article-title":"Structure of the novel steroidal antibiotic squalamine determined by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"Wehrli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.4.1354","article-title":"Squalamine: An aminosterol antibiotic from the shark","volume":"90","author":"Moore","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1009","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610586114","article-title":"A natural product inhibits the initiation of alpha-synuclein aggregation and suppresses its toxicity","volume":"114","author":"Perni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00955","article-title":"Colonic motility and jejunal vagal afferent firing rates are decreased in aged adult male mice and can be restored by an aminosterol","volume":"13","author":"West","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2019.06.001","article-title":"Targeting neurons in the gastrointestinal tract to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Hauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq038","article-title":"Extensive enteric nervous system abnormalities in mice transgenic for artificial chromosomes containing Parkinson disease-associated alpha-synuclein gene mutations precede central nervous system changes","volume":"19","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Translational inhibition of \u03b1-synuclein by Posiphen normalizes distal colon motility in transgenic Parkinson mice","volume":"8","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00682-7","article-title":"Neuronal alpha-synucleinopathy with severe movement disorder in mice expressing A53T human alpha-synuclein","volume":"34","author":"Giasson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(14)61287-7","article-title":"Squalamine reverses age and loperamide associated dysmotility in a mouse biomarker model of constipation","volume":"146","author":"Kunze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00588","article-title":"Antibiotic driven changes in gut motility suggest direct modulation of enteric nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Delungahawatta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00030","article-title":"Effects of oxaliplatin on mouse myenteric neurons and colonic motility","volume":"7","author":"Wafai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10532","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i48.10532","article-title":"Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or boulardii yeasts on acute stress induced intestinal dysmotility","volume":"22","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12903","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain JB-1 reverses restraint stress-induced gut dysmotility","volume":"29","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e205","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12072","article-title":"Spatiotemporal maps reveal regional differences in the effects on gut motility for Lactobacillus reuteri and rhamnosus strains","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref36","first-page":"A1","article-title":"DataView: A tutorial tool for data analysis. Template-based spike sorting and frequency analysis","volume":"6","author":"Heitler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Undergrad Neurosci Educ"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00690-9","article-title":"Serotonin and cholecystokinin activate different populations of rat mesenteric vagal afferents","volume":"255","author":"Hillsley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021781","article-title":"Sensitivity of vagal mucosal afferents to cholecystokinin and its role in afferent signal transduction in the rat","volume":"497 (Pt 2)","author":"Richards","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2478","article-title":"Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A is necessary and sufficient for acute activation of intestinal sensory neurons","volume":"4","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00051-8","article-title":"Intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the intestine","volume":"54","author":"Furness","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00204.2006","article-title":"Characterization of myenteric sensory neurons in the mouse small intestine","volume":"96","author":"Mao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00686.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri enhances excitability of colonic AH neurons by inhibiting calcium-dependent potassium channel opening","volume":"13","author":"Kunze","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref43","first-page":"48","article-title":"The cornucopia of intestinal chemosensory transduction","volume":"3","author":"Bertrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G564","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00369.2003","article-title":"Computational model of the migrating motor complex of the small intestine","volume":"286","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1159\/000477990","article-title":"A role for neuronal alpha-synuclein in gastrointestinal immunity","volume":"9","author":"Stolzenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1661-y","article-title":"Brain-to-stomach transfer of alpha-synuclein via vagal preganglionic projections","volume":"133","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S313","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191702","article-title":"Gastrointestinal immunity and alpha-synuclein","volume":"9","author":"Barbut","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.035","article-title":"TARP phosphorylation regulates synaptic AMPA receptors through lipid bilayers","volume":"66","author":"Sumioka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152066","article-title":"Membrane phosphatidylserine regulates surface charge and protein localization","volume":"319","author":"Yeung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.356","article-title":"Membrane surface charge dictates the structure and function of the epithelial Na+\/H+exchanger","volume":"30","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-153841","article-title":"Luminal administration ex vivo of a live Lactobacillus species moderates mouse jejunal motility within minutes","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202076_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.00898.x","article-title":"Effects of modulators of Ca(2+)-activated, intermediate-conductance potassium channels on motility of the rat small intestine, in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Ferens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JPD-202076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:48:29Z","timestamp":1777610909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JPD-202076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-202076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7171","1877-718X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7171","type":"print"},{"value":"1877-718X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}}}