{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:45:41Z","timestamp":1793403941452,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Degenerating neurons contain abnormal aggregates called Lewy bodies, that are predominantly composed of the misfolded and\/or mutated alpha-synuclein protein. Post-translational modifications, cellular stress, inflammation and gene mutations are thought to trigger its pathological misfolding and aggregation. With alpha-synuclein pathology being strongly associated with dopaminergic neuronal toxicity, strategies aimed to reduce its burden are expected to be beneficial in slowing disease progression. Moreover, multiple sources of evidence suggest a cell-to-cell transmission of pathological alpha-synuclein in a prion-like manner. Therefore, antibodies targeting extra- or intracellular alpha-synuclein could be efficient in limiting the aggregation and transmission. Several active and passive immunization strategies have been explored to target alpha-synuclein. Here, we summarize immunotherapeutic approaches that were tested in pre-clinical or clinical studies in the last two decades in an attempt to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-202221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T14:07:11Z","timestamp":1603462031000},"page":"71-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Treating Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Antibodies: Previous Studies and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Castonguay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardi\u00e8re, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Gravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardi\u00e8re, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"L\u00e9vesque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardi\u00e8re, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202221_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009258","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009258","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: Neuropathology","volume":"2","author":"Dickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Med Harb 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