{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:03:33Z","timestamp":1784034213441,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although the dopaminergic system is interconnected with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, few studies have explained the causal relationship between thyroid disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the association between thyroid diseases and PD in Korean residents. Methods: The Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, which includes individuals aged \u226540 years, was assessed from 2002 to 2015. A total of 5,586 PD patients were matched by age, sex, income, and the region of residence with 22,344 control participants at a ratio of 1:4. In the PD and control groups, previous histories of levothyroxine treatment, goiter, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and hyperthyroidism were investigated. Results: The rates of levothyroxine treatment for more than 3 months, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism were higher in the PD group than the control group (3.2%, 3.8%, and 2.8% vs. 2.5%, 2.9%, and 1.9%, respectively, p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05). The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in model 2, which was adjusted for all potential confounders, for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the PD group were 1.25 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01\u20131.55, p\u200a=\u200a0.044) and 1.37 (95% CI 1.13\u20131.67, p\u200a=\u200a0.002), respectively. In subgroup analyses, the association between hypothyroidism and PD was maintained in men older than 70 years and the association between hyperthyroidism and PD was maintained in women younger than 70 years. Conclusion: Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were associated with higher risk of PD, particularly for women younger than 70 years and men older than 70 years, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-202265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T11:02:21Z","timestamp":1603191741000},"page":"211-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association Between Thyroid Diseases and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ji Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heui Seung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hyong","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Keun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Bok","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Ho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Hye","family":"Wee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Yang","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae Myoung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Geun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.02.012","article-title":"New insights into thyroid hormone action","volume":"173","author":"Mendoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.18","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.004","article-title":"New insights into thyroid hormone action","volume":"21","author":"Oetting","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3430","article-title":"Priorities in Parkinson\u2019s disease research","volume":"10","author":"Meissner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.04.001","article-title":"Risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in patients with hypothyroidism: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000333222","article-title":"Subsequent risks of Parkinson disease in patients with autoimmune and related disorders: A nationwide epidemiological study from Sweden","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2018.01774","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are related to benign parotid tumor: A nested case-control study using a national health screening cohort.","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific (2000) The Asia Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Health Communications Australia, Sydney."},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Practice of epidemiology: Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.03.008","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and thyroid dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Munhoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(01)00196-0","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Tandeter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00229-9","article-title":"Spontaneous circling behavior and dopamine neuron loss in a genetically hypothyroid mouse","volume":"105","author":"Kincaid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7231","article-title":"The weaver GIRK2 mutation leads to decreased levels of serum thyroid hormone: Characterization of the effect on midbrain dopaminergic neuron survival","volume":"160","author":"Blum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0489","article-title":"Thyroid hormone-Otx2 signaling is required for embryonic ventral midbrain neural stem cells differentiated into dopamine neurons","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3585-x","article-title":"Understanding multifactorial architecture of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pathophysiology to management","volume":"40","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2015.24.4.325","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00239-9","article-title":"Beyond LDL oxidation: ROS in vascular signal transduction","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15696-1","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","volume":"363","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva I , Alva-S\u00e1nchez C , Pacheco-Rosado J (2013) The role of thyroid hormones as inductors of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/218145"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2015-0113","article-title":"Effects of altered thyroid states on oxidative stress parameters in rats","volume":"28","author":"Oktay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.12.013","article-title":"Alterations of thyroidal status in brain regions and hypothalamo-pituitary-blood-thyroid-axis associated with dopaminergic depletion in substantia nigra and ROS formation in different brain regions after MPTP treatment in adult male mice","volume":"156","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7780-x","article-title":"Thyroid hormone level is associated with motor symptoms in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"262","author":"Umehara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343841","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease presenting as hemiparkinsonism","volume":"24","author":"Davies","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest (Testo stampato)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.03.027","article-title":"Effects of a rat model of gestational hypothyroidism on forebrain dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic systems and related behaviors","volume":"366","author":"Menezes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.01.009","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism exaggerating parkinsonian tremor: A clinical lesson","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000092786","article-title":"Three in one: Case report supporting different origins of essential and parkinsonian tremors","volume":"55","author":"Linazasoro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92677-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease after antithyroid treatment","volume":"332","author":"Verges","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6538.38","article-title":"Resolution of dyskinesia and the\u201d on-off\u201d phenomenon in thyrotoxic patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease after antithyroid treatment","volume":"293","author":"Caradoc-Davies","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.644","article-title":"The Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative (PPMI)\u2013establishing a PD biomarker cohort","volume":"5","author":"Marek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-202265_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1744595"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JPD-202265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:48:59Z","timestamp":1777610939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JPD-202265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-202265","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7171","1877-718X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7171","type":"print"},{"value":"1877-718X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]}}}