{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:19:39Z","timestamp":1791231579326,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Early-onset parkinsonism (EO parkinsonism), defined as subjects with disease onset before the age of 40 or 50 years, can be the main clinical presentation of a variety of conditions that are important to differentiate. Although rarer than classical late-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and not infrequently overlapping with forms of juvenile onset PD, a correct diagnosis of the specific cause of EO parkinsonism is critical for offering appropriate counseling to patients, for family and work planning, and to select the most appropriate symptomatic or etiopathogenic treatments. Clinical features, radiological and laboratory findings are crucial for guiding the differential diagnosis. Here we summarize the most important conditions associated with primary and secondary EO parkinsonism. We also proposed a practical approach based on the current literature and expert opinion to help movement disorders specialists and neurologists navigate this complex and challenging landscape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-212815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T13:02:09Z","timestamp":1632488529000},"page":"1-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["A Practical Approach to Early-Onset Parkinsonism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giulietta M.","family":"Riboldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson\u2019s and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Frattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Monfrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Frucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson\u2019s and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Di Fonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, 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