{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:12:46Z","timestamp":1792534366670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence suggests that microglia and peripheral immune cells may play determinant roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Consequently, there is a need to take advantage of immune-related models of PD to study the potential contribution of microglia and peripheral immune cells to the degeneration of the nigrostriatal system and help develop potential therapies for PD. In this review, we have summarised the main PD immune models. From a historical perspective, we highlight first the main features of intranigral injections of different pro-inflammogens, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thrombin, neuromelanin, etc. The use of adenoviral vectors to promote microglia-specific overexpression of different molecules in the ventral mesencephalon, including \u03b1-synuclein, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF, are also presented and briefly discussed. Finally, we summarise different models associated with peripheral inflammation whose contribution to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is now an outstanding question. Illustrative examples included systemic LPS administration and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rodents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-213138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T12:18:36Z","timestamp":1653999516000},"page":"S165-S182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Inflammatory Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Revilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo M.","family":"de Pablos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Venero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-213138_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.242","article-title":"100 years of Lewy pathology","volume":"9","author":"Goedert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-213138_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","article-title":"Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease 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