{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:56:51Z","timestamp":1777888611865,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing interest in the role the immune system and inflammatory response play on the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Epidemiological evidence lends support for the hypothesis that PD is an immune-mediated condition. An association between inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn\u2019s and Ulcerative colitis, and the risk of PD has been described and replicated in several population-based cohorts. Other autoimmune conditions, such as Sjogren syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis also seem to be associated with an increased risk of PD. Immunosuppressant medications seem to be associated with a decreased risk of PD. Finally, variants in genes involved in immune system regulation are also shared between PD and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we will provide an overview of epidemiological evidence from population-based cohort studies, meta-analyses, and genome-wide association studies that analyze the association between the immune system and PD, discuss current gaps in the literature and future research directions in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-223180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T12:18:43Z","timestamp":1653999523000},"page":"S29-S43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Epidemiological Evidence for an Immune Component of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paulina","family":"Gonzalez-Latapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Marras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.379","article-title":"Aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Inflammaging, neuroinflammation and biological remodeling as key factors in pathogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Calabrese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14290","article-title":"Immune system responses in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Early and dynamic","volume":"49","author":"Tansey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02408-8","article-title":"The intersection of Parkinson\u2019s disease, viral infections, and COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Rosen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2742","article-title":"Aberrations in peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00443","article-title":"LRRK2 at the interface between peripheral and central immune function in Parkinson\u2019s","volume":"14","author":"Wallings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","article-title":"Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritablerisk for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of genome-wideassociation studies","volume":"18","author":"Nalls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00984","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*15:01 and HLA-DRB5*01:01 present complementary peptide repertoires","volume":"8","author":"Scholz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0469","article-title":"Genome-wide pleiotropy between Parkinson disease and autoimmune diseases","volume":"74","author":"Witoelar","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000333222","article-title":"Subsequent risks of Parkinson disease in patients with autoimmune and related disorders: A nationwide epidemiological study from Sweden","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175836","article-title":"Impact of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome on Parkinson\u2019s disease: A nationwide case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2017.1412088","article-title":"Autoimmune rheumatic diseases and the risk of Parkinson disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"50","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202418","article-title":"Decreased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease after rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis: A nested case-control study with matched cases and controls","volume":"11","author":"Bacelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02629-w","article-title":"Positive association of Parkinson\u2019s disease with ankylosing spondylitis: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Yeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2097","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002097","article-title":"Inverse Association of Parkinson disease with systemic lupus erythematosus: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.12.035","article-title":"Autoimmune and paraneoplastic movement disorders: An update","volume":"385","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0664-3","article-title":"Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with Lewy body disorders","volume":"119","author":"Beach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar5280","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar5280","article-title":"The vermiform appendix impacts the risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Killinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00942","article-title":"Interactions between intestinal microbiota and host immune response in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","article-title":"Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"104","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1943-7","article-title":"Enteric alpha-synuclein expression is increased in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"137","author":"Prigent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref21","first-page":"13","article-title":"Specific immune modulation of experimental colitis drives enteric alpha-synuclein accumulation and triggers age-related Parkinson-like brain pathology","volume":"2","author":"Grathwohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06846-9","article-title":"Monitoring the interactions between alpha-synuclein and Tau in vitro and in vivo using bimolecular fluorescence complementation","volume":"12","author":"Torres-Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9285","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000414R","article-title":"Tau accumulates in Crohn\u2019s disease gut","volume":"34","author":"Prigent","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref24","first-page":"408","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Common pathophysiological links","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000735","article-title":"Association between Parkinson\u2019s disease and inflammatory bowel disease: A nationwide Taiwanese retrospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0605","article-title":"Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and incidence of Parkinson disease among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"75","author":"Peter","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy190","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A nationwide Swedish cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Weimers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315666","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A Danish nationwide cohort study 1977-2014","volume":"68","author":"Villumsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081191","article-title":"Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at an increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A South Korean nationwide population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.02.008","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"50","author":"Camacho-Soto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317103","article-title":"Older patients with IBD might have higher risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06109-5","article-title":"Microbiome and its role in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Pimentel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00145-8","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and Parkinson\u2019s disease risk: Register-based studies","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202330","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Finland: A nationwide registry-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Mertsalmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720958","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.720958","article-title":"Association between irritable bowel syndrome and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00733","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide from gut microbiota modulates alpha-synuclein aggregation and alters its biological function","volume":"10","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28119","article-title":"Meta-analysis of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Nishiwaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.11.017","article-title":"Gut microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s disease: New insights from meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Toh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003961","article-title":"Vagotomy and Parkinson disease: A Swedish register-based matched-cohort study","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00501-z","article-title":"Neuropathology and molecular diagnosis of synucleinopathies","volume":"16","author":"Koga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The role of inflammation in diabetes: Current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Tsalamandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Cardiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27836","article-title":"Understanding the links between cardiovascular disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Potashkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.03.017","article-title":"Dysregulation of parkin in the substantia nigra of db\/db and high-fat diet mice","volume":"294","author":"Khang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26566","article-title":"Glycation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Vicente Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5921","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005921","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson disease with diabetes mellitus in a population-based study","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005771","article-title":"Association between diabetes and subsequent Parkinson disease: A record-linkage cohort study","volume":"91","author":"De Pablo-Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.06.002","article-title":"Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A population-based cohort study","volume":"89","author":"Sanchez-Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12793","article-title":"Association between Parkinson\u2019s disease and diabetes: Data from NEDICES study","volume":"136","author":"De Pablo-Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28551","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes as a determinant of Parkinson\u2019s disease risk and progression","volume":"36","author":"Chohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.04.010","article-title":"Influence of diabetes mellitus on longitudinal atrophy and cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"377","author":"Ong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15682","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103776","article-title":"Vascular, inflammatory and metabolic risk factors in relation to dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12172","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012172","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use and risk of Parkinson disease: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-018-2561-y","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the elderly population: A meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Poly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28189","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use and LRRK2 Parkinson\u2019s disease penetrance","volume":"35","author":"San Luciano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.02.013","article-title":"Transplant and risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"63","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.580","article-title":"Immunosuppressants and risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"5","author":"Racette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002307","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection as a risk factor for Parkinson disease: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"86","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1672","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011630","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibition and Parkinson disease: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"96","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Lawlor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a040501","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040501","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: Concepts and scope","volume":"12","author":"Richmond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1564-7","article-title":"The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202279","article-title":"Infection and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Smeyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.06.012","article-title":"Parkinsonism and neurological manifestations of influenza throughout the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"16","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28111","article-title":"Infections or sepsis preceding clinically diagnosed alpha-synucleinopathies: A case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01549","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1549","article-title":"Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3895","article-title":"Long-term risk of Parkinson disease following influenza and other infections","volume":"78","author":"Cocoros","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.007","article-title":"Humoral cross reactivity between alpha-synuclein and herpes simplex-1 epitope in Parkinson\u2019s disease, a triggering role in the disease?","volume":"291","author":"Caggiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.031","article-title":"Hypothesis: A role for EBV-induced molecular mimicry in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Woulfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00138","article-title":"Exploring the \u201cmultiple-hit hypothesis\u201d of neurodegenerative disease: Bacterial infection comes up to bat","volume":"9","author":"Patrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.012","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C virus infection as a risk factor for Parkinson\u2019s disease in Israel-A nationwide cohort study","volume":"398","author":"Goldstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12398","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12398","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318822","article-title":"GI infections are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Nerius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.09.005","article-title":"The Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI)","volume":"95","author":"Parkinson Progression Marker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: An open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223180_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009107","article-title":"Disease modification and biomarker development in Parkinson disease: Revision or reconstruction?","volume":"94","author":"Espay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JPD-223180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:51:40Z","timestamp":1777611100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JPD-223180"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bastiaan R.","family":"Bloem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Brundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eng King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Harms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Lindestam Arlehamn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Williams-Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-223180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7171","1877-718X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7171","type":"print"},{"value":"1877-718X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}}}