{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:27:47Z","timestamp":1787729267515,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bradykinesia is considered the fundamental motor feature of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). It is central to diagnosis, monitoring, and research outcomes. However, as a clinical sign determined purely by visual judgement, the reliability of humans to detect and measure bradykinesia remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish interrater reliability for expert neurologists assessing bradykinesia during the finger tapping test, without cues from additional examination or history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>21 movement disorder neurologists rated finger tapping bradykinesia, by Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and Modified Bradykinesia Rating Scale (MBRS), in 133 videos of hands: 73 from 39 people with idiopathic PD, 60 from 30 healthy controls. Each neurologist rated 30 randomly-selected videos. 19 neurologists were also asked to judge whether the hand was PD or control. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for absolute agreement and consistency of MDS-UPDRS ratings, using standard linear and cumulative linked mixed models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was only moderate agreement for finger tapping MDS-UPDRS between neurologists, ICC 0.53 (standard linear model) and 0.65 (cumulative linked mixed model). Among control videos, 53% were rated\u200a&gt;\u200a0 by MDS-UPDRS, and 24% were rated as bradykinesia by MBRS subscore combination. Neurologists correctly identified PD\/control status in 70% of videos, without strictly following bradykinesia presence\/absence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even experts show considerable disagreement about the level of bradykinesia on finger tapping, and frequently see bradykinesia in the hands of those without neurological disease. Bradykinesia is to some extent a phenomenon in the eye of the clinician rather than simply the hand of the person with PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-223256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T12:57:38Z","timestamp":1682081858000},"page":"525-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Parkinsonian Hand or Clinician\u2019s Eye? Finger Tap Bradykinesia Interrater Reliability for 21 Movement Disorder Experts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tasmania","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Alty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","place":["UK"]},{"name":"University of Tasmania","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel D.","family":"Relton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"FahnS EltonR (1987) Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale. 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