{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:02:59Z","timestamp":1788382979656,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Constipation afflicts many patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and significantly impacts on patient quality of life. PD-related constipation is caused by intestinal dysfunction, but the etiology of this dysfunction in patients is unknown. One possible cause is neuron loss within the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the intestine. This review aims to 1) Critically evaluate the evidence for and against intestinal enteric neuron loss in PD patients, 2) Justify why PD-related constipation must be objectively measured, 3) Explore the potential link between loss of enteric neurons in the intestine and constipation in PD, 4) Provide potential explanations for disparities in the literature, and 5) Outline data and study design considerations to improve future research. Before the connection between intestinal enteric neuron loss and PD-related constipation can be confidently described, future research must use sufficiently large samples representative of the patient population (majority diagnosed with idiopathic PD for at least 5 years), implement a consistent neuronal quantification method and study design, including standardized patient recruitment criteria, objectively quantify intestinal dysfunctions, publish with a high degree of data transparency and account for potential PD heterogeneity. Further investigation into other potential influencers of PD-related constipation is also required, including changes in the function, connectivity, mitochondria and\/or \u03b1-synuclein proteins of enteric neurons and their extrinsic innervation. The connection between enteric neuron loss and other PD-related gastrointestinal (GI) issues, including gastroparesis and dysphagia, as well as changes in nutrient absorption and the microbiome, should be explored in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-223262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T10:58:27Z","timestamp":1657882707000},"page":"1841-1861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Critical Analysis of Intestinal Enteric Neuron Loss and Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chelsea","family":"O\u2019Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut-Axis Injury & Repair Laboratory, Department of Medicine - Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), The University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE) Level 3 and 4, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Isaac","family":"Finkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanti","family":"Diwakarla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut-Axis Injury & Repair Laboratory, Department of Medicine - Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), The University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE) Level 3 and 4, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel Mai","family":"McQuade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut-Axis Injury & Repair Laboratory, Department of Medicine - Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), The University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE) Level 3 and 4, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kouli A , Torsney KM , Kuan W-L (2018) Parkinson\u2013s disease: Etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis. In Parkinson25; s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects, Stoker TB, Greenland JC, eds. Codon Publications, Brisbane, pp. 3\u201326.","DOI":"10.15586\/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch1"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009621","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009621","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia","volume":"2","author":"Lanciego","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","article-title":"The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders","volume":"12","author":"Albin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00455","article-title":"On cell loss and selective vulnerability of neuronal populations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Gigu\u00e8re","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21995","article-title":"Clinical progression in Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of axons","volume":"67","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(03)00020-0","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of selective dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Barzilai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.038","article-title":"Understanding dopaminergic cell death pathways in Parkinson disease","volume":"90","author":"Michel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27372","article-title":"International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society evidence-based medicine review: Update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2005.05.002","article-title":"The \u2018magic\u2019 of L-dopa: Why is it the gold standard Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy?","volume":"26","author":"Mercuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010294","article-title":"L-DOPA in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Looking at the \u201cfalse\u201d neurotransmitters and their meaning","volume":"21","author":"Chagraoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.1.11","article-title":"Practice parameter: Initiation of treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease: An evidence-based review: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"58","author":"Miyasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref14","first-page":"679","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"102","author":"Halli-Tierney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000112","article-title":"Premotor and nonmotor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-018-0539-9","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.01.011","article-title":"Enteric nervous system manifestations of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"1693","author":"Chalazonitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furness JB , Callaghan BP , Rivera LR , Cho H-J (2014) The enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal innerva tion: Integrated local and central control. In Microbial Endocrinology: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease, Lyte M, Cryan JF, eds. Springer, New York, pp. 39\u201371.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_3"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.32","article-title":"The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology","volume":"9","author":"Furness","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2694-6","article-title":"Measurement of gastrointestinal transit","volume":"50","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000171625","article-title":"Role of colonic motility in guiding therapy in patients with constipation","volume":"15","author":"Snape","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.02.029","article-title":"A practical review of gastrointestinal manifestations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00007-1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26866","article-title":"Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Subjective symptoms, objective markers, and new perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Knudsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-4-1","article-title":"Meta-analyses on prevalence of selected Parkinson\u2019s nonmotor symptoms before and after diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.164","article-title":"Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic idiopathic constipation in the community: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Suares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311680","article-title":"Constipation preceding Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Adams-Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28636","article-title":"Onset of skin, gut, and genitourinary prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease: A study of 1.5 million veterans","volume":"36","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16790-8","article-title":"Parkinson disease with constipation: Clinical features and relevant factors","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03707.x","article-title":"Review article: Molecular, pathological and therapeutic features of human enteric neuropathies","volume":"28","author":"Di Nardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020144","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Current and potential therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref34","unstructured":"Ross MH , Pawlina W (2006) Histology: A Text and Atlas: With correlated cell and molecular biology. 5th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia."},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref35","first-page":"269","article-title":"\u201cEnteric tears\u201d: Chloride secretion and its neural regulation","volume":"13","author":"Cooke","year":"1998","journal-title":"News Physiol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-01-00235.1992","article-title":"Identification and stimulation by serotonin of intrinsic sensory neurons of the submucosal plexus of the guinea pig gut: Activity-induced expression of Fos immunoreactivity","volume":"12","author":"Kirchgessner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902770403","article-title":"Projections of submucosal neurons to the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig intestine: tracing of microcircuits by retrograde and anterograde transport. }","volume":"277","author":"Kirchgessner","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980921)399:2<255::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Projections of submucous neurons to the myenteric plexus in the guinea pig small intestine","volume":"399","author":"Song","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.827bv.x","article-title":"Intracellular recording from myenteric neurons of the guinea-pig ileum that respond to stretch","volume":"506","author":"Kunze","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G422","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.273.2.G422","article-title":"Analysis of the responses of myenteric neurons in the small intestine to chemical stimulation of the mucosa","volume":"273","author":"Bertrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00067-S","article-title":"Identification of sensory nerve cells in a peripheral organ (the intestine) of a mammal","volume":"66","author":"Kunze","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G273","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2000.278.2.G273","article-title":"Properties of synaptic inputs from myenteric neurons innervating submucosal S neurons in guinea pig ileum","volume":"278","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2003.12.004","article-title":"Intrinsic primary afferent neurons and nerve circuits within the intestine","volume":"72","author":"Furness","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4183-5","article-title":"Enteric nervous system: Neuropathic gastrointestinal motility","volume":"61","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G793","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00199.2019","article-title":"Enteric neuron density correlates with clinical features of severe gut dysmotility","volume":"317","author":"Boschetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4609","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i29.4609","article-title":"Slow transit constipation: A functional disorder becomes an enteric neuropathy","volume":"12","author":"Bassotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280000319","article-title":"Neuron count reevaluation in the myenteric plexus of chagasic megacolon after morphometric neuron analysis","volume":"438","author":"Adad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virchows Archiv"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213371.79300.a8","article-title":"The enteric nervous system in chagasic and idiopathic megacolon","volume":"31","author":"Iantorno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.162503","article-title":"Pathological lesions in colonic biopsies during Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Lebouvier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012728","article-title":"Colonic biopsies to assess the neuropathology of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its relationship with symptoms.","volume":"5","author":"Lebouvier","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-1040-2","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease is not associated with gastrointestinal myenteric ganglion neuron loss","volume":"124","author":"Annerino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0408-2","article-title":"Distinct pattern of enteric phospho-alpha-synuclein aggregates and gene expression profiles in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Barrenschee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26850","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26850","article-title":"Live calcium and mitochondrial imaging inthe enteric nervous system of Parkinson patients and controls","volume":"6","author":"Desmet","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12995","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12995","article-title":"Downregulation of neuronal vasoactiveintestinal polypeptide in Parkinson\u2019s disease and chronic constipation","volume":"29","author":"Giancola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12071006","article-title":"The genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease and implications for clinical practice","volume":"12","author":"Day","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.04.008","article-title":"Trumping neurodegeneration: Targeting common pathways regulated by autosomal recessive Parkinson\u2019s disease genes","volume":"298","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref63","first-page":"7935820","article-title":"Atrophic myenteric and submucosal neurons are observed in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2019","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-140422","article-title":"Appraisal of the dopaminergic andnoradrenergic innervation of the submucosal plexus in PD","volume":"4","author":"Corbill\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10599","article-title":"Chemical coding of the human gastrointestinal nervous system: Cholinergic, VIPergic, and catecholaminergic phenotypes","volume":"459","author":"Anlauf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000641","article-title":"Low clinical diagnostic accuracy of early vs advanced Parkinson disease: Clinicopathologicstudy","volume":"83","author":"Adler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27362","article-title":"Validation of the MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Postuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27485","article-title":"Importance of low diagnostic accuracy for early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Beach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002350","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.1.33","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease","volume":"56","author":"Gelb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92707-7","article-title":"Dopaminergic defect ofenteric nervous system in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with chronic constipation","volume":"346","author":"Singaram","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1978.0092","article-title":"Biopsy technique: The pathological considerations","volume":"96","author":"Bernstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2019\/636","article-title":"Post-mortem artefacts","volume":"8","author":"Kaushal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030493","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019sdisease","volume":"10","author":"Skj\u00e6rb\u00e6k","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.08.016","article-title":"Colonic transit,high-resolution anorectal manometry and MRI defecography study of constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"66","author":"De Pablo-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders","volume":"130","author":"Longstreth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu369","article-title":"Imaging acetylcholinesterase density in peripheral organs in Parkinson\u2019sdisease with 11C-donepezil PET","volume":"138","author":"Gjerl\u00f8ff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa238","article-title":"Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson\u2019s disease: A multimodal imaging case-controlstudy","volume":"143","author":"Horsager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-161050","article-title":"Objective colonic dysfunction is far more prevalent than subjective constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A colon transit and volume study","volume":"7","author":"Knudsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2124","article-title":"Rome III: The functional gastrointestinal disorders, third edition, 2006","volume":"14","author":"Mostafa","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003633","article-title":"Decreased intestinal acetylcholinesterase in early Parkinson disease: An 11C-donepezil PET study","volume":"88","author":"Fedorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21596","article-title":"The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Results from an international pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20844","article-title":"International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson\u2019s disease: The NMSQuest Study","volume":"21","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20153","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The SCOPA-AUT","volume":"19","author":"Visser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02056950","article-title":"A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients","volume":"39","author":"Agachan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref89","first-page":"26","article-title":"An examination of the reliability of reported stool frequency in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation","volume":"91","author":"Ashraf","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2012.01.009","article-title":"Self-reported constipation in patients with advanced cancer: A preliminary report","volume":"45","author":"Rhondali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00621","article-title":"Severe constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and in parkinsonisms: Prevalence and affecting factors","volume":"10","author":"Frazzitta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref92","first-page":"60","article-title":"Clinical aspects of bowel symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"117","author":"Krogh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1301753","article-title":"Evaluation of constipation","volume":"25","author":"Alame","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0655-4","article-title":"Imaging systemic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Borghammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref95","first-page":"15","article-title":"Characterization of swallowing and defecation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Edwards","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080315","article-title":"Cisapride treatment of constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Jost","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171131","article-title":"Gastrointestinal transit time in Parkinson\u2019s disease using a magnetic tracking system","volume":"7","author":"Knudsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.2.268","article-title":"Colonic transit time and rectoanal videomanometry in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"74","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12105","article-title":"Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson\u2019s disease associated with bowel dysfunction. , e130-e","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.6.768","article-title":"Manometric investigation of anorectal function in early and late stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Bassotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<71::AID-MDS1012>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Anorectal function in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Stocchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.19.4.027-029.ebo","article-title":"How sample size influences research outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Faber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124","article-title":"Why most published research findings are false. , e","volume":"2","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040215","article-title":"Why most published research findings are false: Author\u2019s Reply to Goodman and Greenland","volume":"4","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059202","article-title":"The impact of study size on meta-analyses: Examination of underpoweredstudies in Cochrane reviews","volume":"8","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie JE , Brennan SE (2019) Chapter 12: Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. In Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd ed., Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, eds. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 321\u2013347.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch12"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20213","article-title":"Movement disorder society task force report on the hoehn and yahr staging scale: Status and recommendations","volume":"19","author":"Goetz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","article-title":"Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality","volume":"17","author":"Hoehn","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease severity levels and MDS-Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale","volume":"21","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02296-8","article-title":"T-cell dysregulation is associated with disease severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308786","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease beyond 20 years","volume":"86","author":"Cilia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.86.16_supplement.P5.379","article-title":"Comparing effects of age of onset and disease duration in Parkinson disease (P5.379). , P5","volume":"86","author":"Maki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002461","article-title":"Age at onset and Parkinson disease phenotype","volume":"86","author":"Pagano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1529","article-title":"Variable expression of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A base-line analysis of the DATATOP cohort","volume":"40","author":"Jankovic","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70212-X","article-title":"Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Kehagia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.08.020","article-title":"Understanding the dopaminergic deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Insights into disease heterogeneity","volume":"16","author":"Lewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1097-7","article-title":"Interval timing and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Heterogeneity in temporal performance","volume":"184","author":"Merchant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713000829","article-title":"Heterogeneity of letter fluency impairment and executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Pettit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0624-5","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease in the era of personalised medicine: One size does not fit all","volume":"36","author":"Ryden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202472","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes: Critical appraisal and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Mestre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27845","article-title":"Genomewide association study of Parkinson\u2019s disease clinical biomarkers in 12 longitudinal patients\u2019 cohorts","volume":"34","author":"Iwaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.07.014","article-title":"Novel and reported variants in Parkinson\u2019s disease genes confer high disease burden among Indians","volume":"78","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08912-9","article-title":"Prioritizing Parkinson\u2019s disease genes using population-scale transcriptomic data","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26505","article-title":"A cumulative genetic risk score predicts progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Pihlstr\u00f8m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318264e353","article-title":"Large-scale replication and heterogeneity in Parkinson disease genetic loci","volume":"79","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0804-9","article-title":"Transcriptomic signatures of brain regional vulnerability to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Keo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00394","article-title":"Biological and clinical implications of comorbidities in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Santiago","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0448-y","article-title":"Sleep in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Stefani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8739","article-title":"Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia","volume":"370","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0151841","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151841","article-title":"Association between Parkinson\u2019s disease and cigarette smoking, rural living, well-water consumption, farming and pesticide use: Systematic review and meta-analysis. , e","volume":"11","author":"Breckenridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307970","article-title":"Association of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its subtypes with agricultural pesticideexposures in men: A case-control study in France","volume":"123","author":"Moisan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110186","article-title":"Pesticide use and incident Parkinson\u2019s disease in a cohort of farmers and their spouses","volume":"191","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103881","article-title":"Is pesticide use related to Parkinson disease? Some clues to heterogeneity in study results","volume":"120","author":"van der Mark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.09.025","article-title":"The influence of age and gender on motor and non-motor features of early Parkinson\u2019s disease: Initial findings from the Oxford Parkinson Disease Center (OPDC) discovery cohort","volume":"20","author":"Szewczyk-Krolikowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.104695","article-title":"Heterogeneity in male to female risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000390","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2020-000390","article-title":"Associations between concussion and risk of diagnosis of psychological and neurological disorders: A retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Morissette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fam Med Comm Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e293","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds and the heterogeneity of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86917-5","article-title":"The association of enteric neuropathy with gut phenotypes in acute and progressive models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"McQuade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_125_15","article-title":"A review of artifacts in histopathology","volume":"22","author":"Taqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02445-6"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz030","article-title":"Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: A multicentre study","volume":"142","author":"Postuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3700-7","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"162","author":"Petrov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00156-z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Parkinson\u2019s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JPD-223262_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636545","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.636545","article-title":"The association between the gut microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s disease, a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JPD-223262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:51:52Z","timestamp":1777611112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JPD-223262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-223262","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7171","1877-718X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7171","type":"print"},{"value":"1877-718X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]}}}