{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:36:45Z","timestamp":1790937405661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) successfully controls the motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) but has associated cognitive side-effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Establish the short- and long-term cognitive effects of STN-DBS in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the short-term and long-term effects of STN-DBS on cognition were examined through evaluation of the controlled studies that compared patients with STN-DBS to unoperated PD patients, thus controlling for illness progression. We also reviewed the literature to identify the factors that influence cognitive outcome of STN-DBS in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The meta-analysis of the short-term cognitive effects of STN-DBS revealed moderate effect sizes for semantic and phonemic verbal fluency and small effect sizes for psychomotor speed and language, indicating greater decline in the STN-DBS operated than the unoperated patients in these cognitive domains. The longer-term STN-DBS results from controlled studies indicated rates of cognitive decline\/dementia up to 32%; which are no different from the rates from the natural progression of PD. Greater executive dysfunction and poorer memory pre-operatively, older age, higher pre-operative doses of levodopa, and greater axial involvement are some of the factors associated with worse cognition after STN-DBS in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This evidence can be used to inform patients and their families about the short-term and long-term risks of cognitive decline following STN-DBS surgery and aid the team in selection of suitable candidates for surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-223446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T14:24:18Z","timestamp":1663683858000},"page":"2191-2209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Short and Long-Term Cognitive Effects of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Identification of Relevant Factors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marjan","family":"Jahanshahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Leimbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Rawji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of 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