{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:57:20Z","timestamp":1777888640095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diffusion kurtosis imaging provides in vivo measurement of microstructural tissue characteristics and could help guide management of Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate longitudinal diffusion kurtosis imaging changes on magnetic resonance imaging in the deep grey nuclei in people with early Parkinson\u2019s disease over two years, and whether they correlate with disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a longitudinal case-control study of early Parkinson\u2019s disease. 262 people (Parkinson\u2019s disease: n\u200a=\u200a185, aged 67.5\u00b19.1 years; 43% female; healthy controls: n\u200a=\u200a77, aged 66.6\u00b18.1 years; 53% female) underwent diffusion kurtosis imaging and clinical assessment at baseline and two-year timepoints. We automatically segmented five nuclei, comparing the mean kurtosis and other diffusion kurtosis imaging indices between groups and over time using repeated-measures analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation with the two-year change in Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale Part III.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, mean kurtosis was higher in Parkinson\u2019s disease than controls in the substantia nigra, putamen, thalamus and globus pallidus when adjusting for age, sex, and levodopa equivalent daily dose ( p &lt; 0.027). These differences grew over two years, with mean kurtosis increasing for the Parkinson\u2019s disease group while remaining stable for the control group; evident in significant \u201cgroup \u00d7time\u201d interaction effects for the putamen, thalamus and globus pallidus ([Formula: see text]=\u200a0.08\u20130.11, p &lt; 0.015). However, we did not detect significant correlations between increasing mean kurtosis and declining motor function in the Parkinson\u2019s disease group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diffusion kurtosis imaging of specific grey matter structures shows abnormal microstructure in PD at baseline and abnormal progression in PD over two years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-225095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T11:19:34Z","timestamp":1675423174000},"page":"233-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Microstructure of Brain Nuclei in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Longitudinal Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Welton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Septian","family":"Hartono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Chia","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiling","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pik Hsien","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Say Lee","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Yong Ern","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole Shuang Yu","family":"Chia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dede Liana","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eng-King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 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