{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1791450098281,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical exercise interventions are known to improve quality of life, motor and non-motor symptoms in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on cognitive outcomes are rare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of physical exercise intervention effects compared with passive and active control groups (CGs) on global cognition in people with PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on physical exercise interventions in PD using nine databases. We included RCTs reporting global cognition outcomes. A meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Bias was assessed with the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the certainty of evidence was rated using the GRADE approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen studies (ten with passive, seven with active CGs) were included in the systematic review. Exercise interventions varied considerably between studies. The meta-analysis included nine studies with 236 people with PD (seven with passive, two with active CGs). The SMD was 0.33 (95% CI 0.00; 0.65) demonstrating a small effect ( p\u200a=\u200a0.05) in favor of physical exercise. Compared with passive CGs, physical exercise had a small non-significant effect (SMD\u200a=\u200a0.22, 95% CI \u20130.14;0.58, p\u200a=\u200a0.24). Compared with active CGs, physical exercise had a medium significant effect (SMD\u200a=\u200a0.72, 95% CI 0.12;1.33, p\u200a=\u200a0.02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical exercise may increase global cognition in people with PD, but the evidence is very uncertain. Further large-scale RCTs are needed to confirm this finding and to identify the most effective type of physical exercise for improving cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-230343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T10:20:33Z","timestamp":1709893233000},"page":"S115-S133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Can Physical Exercise Be Considered as a Promising Enhancer of Global Cognition in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease? Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ann-Kristin","family":"Folkerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Psychology | Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Gollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Psychology | Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Cryns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Monsef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Skoetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Kalbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Psychology | Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70152-7"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120077"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.034"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.04.020"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13662"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313838"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00280-3"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11040054"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-020-00212-7"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101671"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002145"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70123-6"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8961493"},{"key":"ref014","first-page":"25","volume":"31","author":"Picelli A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561771600076X"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0413"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223252"},{"key":"ref018","first-page":"818","volume":"58","author":"Marotta N","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.770920"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03510-9"},{"key":"ref021","first-page":"CD013856","volume":"1","author":"Ernst M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"ref023","unstructured":"StraussE, ShermanEMS, SpreenO (2006) A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary (3rd ed.). 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