{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:01:03Z","timestamp":1778839263363,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Video-oculography constitutes a highly-sensitive method of characterizing ocular movements, which could detect subtle premotor changes and contribute to the early diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate potential oculomotor differences between idiopathic PD (iPD) and PD associated with the G2019S variant of LRRK2 (L2PD), as well as to evaluate oculomotor function in asymptomatic carriers of the G2019S variant of LRRK2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study enrolled 129 subjects: 30 PD (16 iPD, 14 L2PD), 23 asymptomatic carriers, 13 non-carrier relatives of L2PD patients, and 63 unrelated HCs. The video-oculographic evaluation included fixation, prosaccade, antisaccade, and memory saccade tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not find significant differences between iPD and L2PD. Compared to controls, PD patients displayed widespread oculomotor deficits including larger microsaccades, hypometric vertical prosaccades, increased latencies in all tests, and lower percentages of successful antisaccades and memory saccades. Non-carrier relatives showed oculomotor changes with parkinsonian features, such as fixation instability and hypometric vertical saccades. Asymptomatic carriers shared multiple similarities with PD, including signs of unstable fixation and hypometric vertical prosaccades; however, they were able to reach percentages of successful antisaccade and memory saccades similar to controls, although at the expense of longer latencies. Classification accuracy of significant oculomotor parameters to differentiate asymptomatic carriers from HCs ranged from 0.68 to 0.74, with BCEA, a marker of global fixation instability, being the parameter with the greatest classification accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>iPD and LRRK2-G2019S PD patients do not seem to display a differential oculomotor profile. Several oculomotor changes in asymptomatic carriers of LRRK2 mutations could be considered premotor biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-230416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T12:21:27Z","timestamp":1714738887000},"page":"797-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Oculomotor Dysfunction in Idiopathic and\n                    <i>LRRK2<\/i>\n                    -Parkinson\u2019s Disease and At-Risk Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Lage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California - San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Neurology Service, Hospital de Cabue\u00f1es, Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rivera-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Aramburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Madera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Delgado-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Neurology Service, Hospital de Sierrallana, Santander, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Amador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Service, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Service, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Calvo-C\u00f3rdoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics, Escuela T\u00e9cnica de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad 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