{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:04:33Z","timestamp":1777860273841,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Risk &amp; Safety in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ranitidine injection is not well-known to cause cardiac arrest except in few published case reports. The Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre received four cases of cardiac arrest associated with ranitidine injection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the causal relationship between cardiac arrest and ranitidine, and to identify possible risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a descriptive case series assessment of cardiac arrest associated with ranitidine and data was mined to supplement the cases from the WHO global database of individual case safety reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all cases, ranitidine injection was administered fast IV bolus without proper dilution and the outcome was fatal in three. All patients encountered cardiac arrest within 20 minutes of intravenous use. Causality was found to be probable in two cases and possible in the other two. Cardiac arrest could have been prevented in all cases. On top of this, from the WHO global database, 185 cases of cardiac arrest and cardio-pulmonary arrest associated with ranitidine were retrieved and 49.7% were fatal. In 40% of the cases, ranitidine was reported as a single suspect. In 36 cases, cardiac arrest resolved following withdrawal of ranitidine and reaction recurred in one case after re-introduction of the product.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There appears a causal link between ranitidine and cardiac arrest, possibly related to medication errors that warrants immediate attention from healthcare professionals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jrs-200015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T13:15:47Z","timestamp":1601990147000},"page":"101-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Intravenous ranitidine injection and risk of cardiac arrest: Medication errors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Mulugeta","family":"Russom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Medicines and Food Administration,  Asmara, Eritrea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawit","family":"Tesfai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orotta College of Medicine and Health Sciences,  Asmara, Eritrea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amon","family":"Solomon Ghebrenegus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Medicines and Food Administration,  Asmara, Eritrea"},{"name":"Biet-Mekae Community Hospital,  Asmara, Eritrea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merhawi","family":"Debesai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Medicines and Food Administration,  Asmara, Eritrea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habtom","family":"Kifle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Medicines and Food Administration,  Asmara, Eritrea"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health,  Asmara, Eritrea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iyassu","family":"Bahta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medicines and Food Administration,  Asmara, Eritrea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","unstructured":"US-FDA Ranitidine prescribing information. Available from: Ranitidine%20case\/Ranitidine%20Hydrochloride%20Monograph%20for%20Professionals%20-%20Drugs.com.htm (accessed April 20 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline. Zantac (ranitidine hydrochloride) injection and injection premixed prescribing information. Research Triangle Park NC. 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.155489"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6697.519"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","article-title":"A rare case report: Single intravenous dose of ranitidine leading to cardiac arrest","volume":"5","author":"Mahajan R","year":"2014","unstructured":"MahajanR NagarajTM KumarP PatilS MoyinR. A rare case report: Single intravenous dose of ranitidine leading to cardiac arrest. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2014;5(1):(B) 1043\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Bio Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","unstructured":"American Heart Association: Available from: https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/cardiac-arrest\/about-cardiac-arrest accessed on 26\/3\/19."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800503"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-014-0257-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199902000-00040"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Cardiac arrest and cimetidine","author":"King AR","year":"1981","unstructured":"KingAR. Cardiac arrest and cimetidine. Med J Aust. 1981;l:139\u201340.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1995.tb04998.x"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Risk &amp; Safety in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JRS-200015","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JRS-200015","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JRS-200015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:45:18Z","timestamp":1777509918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JRS-200015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JRS-200015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jrs-200015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6479","1878-6847"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6479","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6847","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}}}