{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:06:13Z","timestamp":1777889173213,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JVR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: The evidence-based Therapeutic Workplace (TWP) is a promising employment-based treatment where access to work is contingent on objective evidence of abstinence from drugs. TWP is sometimes criticized for requiring individuals who use drugs to voluntarily enroll in a program requiring urine drug testing. OBJECTIVE: This experiment was conducted to assess whether urine drug testing as a condition of employment decreases the value of employment opportunities and to what degree. METHODS: Participants were unemployed, DSM-IV opioid-dependent, and enrolled in TWP. Participants completed discounting tasks assessing preference for a hypothetical job paying a constant wage that did not require urine drug testing and a job that paid a variable wage but required drug testing. The primary outcome was \u2018job value\u2019 operationalized as percentage wage difference to accept a job requiring urine drug testing. RESULTS: Percent wage difference to accept a job that required urine testing was analyzed using GEE. Results revealed a significant main effect of recent drug use (\u03c72(1)\u200a=\u200a10.07, p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.01). CONCLUSION: Most participants were willing to accept a urine drug-testing job across wages similar non-drug testing jobs. Participants reporting recent cocaine or heroin use were less likely to choose urine drug-testing employment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jvr-230036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T11:23:04Z","timestamp":1689938584000},"page":"183-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Discounting of employment opportunities with urine drug testing requirements in opioid users enrolled in the Therapeutic Workplace"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Haily K.","family":"Traxler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Learning and Health, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 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