{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:45:55Z","timestamp":1790797555481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/nre-151265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]],"date-time":"2015-11-27T08:46:30Z","timestamp":1448613990000},"page":"321-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["The effectiveness of powered, active lower limb exoskeletons in neurorehabilitation: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Federici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bracalenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR MindTech Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Spinee.2014.03.042","article-title":"Voluntary driven exoskeleton as a new tool for rehabilitation in chronic spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Aach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34546-3_36","volume-title":"Converging Clinical and Engineering Research on Neurorehabilitation","author":"Aach","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31822e5bee","article-title":"The modified Romberg Balance Test: Normative data in U.S. adults","volume":"32","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otology and Neurotology"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref4","volume-title":"International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury Patients","author":"American Spinal Injury Association,& International Medical Society of Paraplegia","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1074935715Z.00000000052"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4158(00)00017-9","article-title":"Pneumatic active gait orthosis","volume":"11","author":"Belforte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198707000-00002","article-title":"The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk","volume":"36","author":"Bergstrom","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3182624c87","article-title":"Robot-aided gait training in an individual with chronic spinal cord injury: A case study","volume":"36","author":"Bishop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910910980141","article-title":"Exoskeletons and robotic prosthetics: A review of recent developments","volume":"36","author":"Bogue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Industrial Robot"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"096601","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910910980141","article-title":"The physics of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)","volume":"76","author":"Buxton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reports on Progress in Physics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref11","first-page":"72","article-title":"Lower limb wearable robots for physiological gait restoration: State of the art and motivations","volume":"21","author":"Carpino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methodology & Education for Clinical Innovation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574707003736","article-title":"LMS robotic hand grasp and manipulation planning (an isomorphic exoskeleton approach)","volume":"26","author":"Chaigneau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref13","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook","author":"Corradi","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-543"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.03.0043","article-title":"Review of hybrid exoskeletons to restore gait following spinal cord injury","volume":"49","author":"del-Ama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/759764","article-title":"Lower-Limb Robotic Rehabilitation: Literature Review and Challenges","volume":"2011","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Robotics"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2277-7","volume-title":"Neurorehabilitation Technology","author":"Dietz","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199673711.001.0001","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation","author":"Dietz","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.9","article-title":"The Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI\/WISCI II): Nature, metric properties, use and misuse","volume":"51","author":"Ditunno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dollar AM Herr H 2007 Paper presented at the 10th IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics Active orthoses for the lower-limbs: Challenges and state of the art Noordwijk, NL","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2007.4428541"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915453","article-title":"Lower Extremity Exoskeletons and Active Orthoses: Challenges and State-of-the-Art","volume":"24","author":"Dollar","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(13)70161-9","article-title":"The Berg Balance Scale has high intra- and inter-rater reliability but absolute reliability varies across the scale: A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Downs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31826bce18","article-title":"Robotic-assisted gait training and restoration","volume":"91","author":"Esquenazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318269d9a3","article-title":"The ReWalk powered exoskeleton to restore ambulatory function to individuals with thoracic-level motor-complete spinal cord injury","volume":"91","author":"Esquenazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2011.2163083","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of a powered lower limb orthosis to aid walking in paraplegic individuals","volume":"19","author":"Farris","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farris, R. J., Quintero, H. A., & Goldfarb, M. (2012, Aug 28-Sep 1). Performance evaluation of a lower limb exoskeleton for stair ascent and descent with Paraplegia. Paper presented at the 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: EMBC 2012, San Diego, CA","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6346326"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2268320","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of legged mobility provided by a lower limb exoskeleton for persons with paraplegia","volume":"22","author":"Farris","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b11821","volume-title":"Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook","author":"Federici","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1310\/6GL4-UM7X-519H-9JYD","article-title":"Powered Lower Limb Orthoses for Gait Rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Ferris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref31","first-page":"31","article-title":"Functional outcomes: The development of a new instrument to monitor the effectiveness of physical therapy","volume":"7","author":"Fung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280110105259","article-title":"The Falls-Efficacy Scale, Swedish version: Does it reflect clinically meaningful changes after stroke?","volume":"24","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-21","article-title":"Exoskeletons and orthoses: Classification, design challenges and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Herr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref34","first-page":"520","article-title":"Lower extremity exoskeleton: Review and challenges surrounding the technology and its role in rehabilitation of lower limbs","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikehara, T., Nagamura, K., Ushida, T., Tanaka, E., Saegusa, S., Kojima, S., & Yuge, L. (2011, Jun 29-Jul 1). Development of closed-fitting-type walking assistance device for legs and evaluation of muscle activity. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics: ICORR 2011, Zurich, CH","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2011.5975449"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.09.030","article-title":"Invariant ankle moment patterns when walking with and without a robotic ankle exoskeleton","volume":"43","author":"Kao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamoto, H., Taal, S., Niniss, H., Hayashi, T., Kamibayashi, K., Eguchi, K.,& Sankai, Y. (2010, Aug 31-Sep 4). Voluntary motion support control of Robot Suit HAL triggered by bioelectrical signal for hemiplegia. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: EMBC 2010, Buenos Aires, AR","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5626191"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5120\/10137-4279","article-title":"Review: Robot Devices for Gait Rehabilitation","volume":"62","author":"Koceska","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7939.S4-003","article-title":"Safety and Feasibility of using the EksoTM Bionic Exoskeleton to Aid Ambulation after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"S4","author":"Kolakowsky-Hayner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2013.11.002","article-title":"Short-term effects of erythropoietin on neurodevelopment in infants with cerebral palsy: A pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Low, K. H. (2011, Aug 3-5). Robot-assisted gait rehabilitation: From exoskeletons to gait systems. Paper presented at the Defense Science Research Conference and Expo: DSR 2011, Singapore, SG.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSR.2011.6026886"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref44","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Biopsychosocial Approaches in Neurorehabilitation: Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric, Mood and Behoural Disorders","author":"McMillan","year":"2003"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.06.764","article-title":"Predictive validity and responsiveness of the functional ambulation category in hemiparetic patients after stroke","volume":"88","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref46","first-page":"1199","volume-title":"Everyday Technology for Independence and Care: AAATE","author":"Meloni","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref47","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook","author":"Meloni","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/016918611x607356","article-title":"Lower-Limb Movement Assistance through Wearable Robots: State of the Art and Challenges","volume":"26","author":"Mohammed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advanced Robotics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2014.05.006","article-title":"Reliability of surface electromyography in the assessment of paraspinal muscle fatigue: An updated systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Mohseni Bandpei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics"},{"issue":"151","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-151","article-title":"Autonomous exoskeleton reduces metabolic cost of human walking","volume":"11","author":"Mooney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0821-4","article-title":"Neurorobotic and hybrid management of lower limb motor disorders: A review","volume":"49","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2006.878558","article-title":"Development of a standing style transfer system \u201cABLE\u201d for disabled lower limbs","volume":"11","author":"Mori","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2004.p0456","article-title":"Development of straight style transfer equipment for lower limbs disabled \u201cABLE\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2277-7_9","volume-title":"Neurorehabilitation Technology","author":"Nef","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuhaus, P. D., Noorden, J. H., Craig, T. J., Torres, T., Kirschbaum, J., & Pratt, J. E. (2011, Jun 29\u2013Jul 1). Design and evaluation of Mina: A robotic orthosis for paraplegics. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics: ICORR 2011, Zurich, CH","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2011.5975468"},{"issue":"92","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-92","article-title":"Gait training early after stroke with a new exoskeleton \u2013 the hybrid assistive limb: A study of safety and feasibility","volume":"11","author":"Nilsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.541-542.1150","article-title":"A Review on lower-Limb Exoskeleton System for Sit to Stand, Ascending and Descending Staircase Motion","author":"Norhafizan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Mechanics and Materials"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1191\/026921599677595404","article-title":"A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity","volume":"13","author":"Pandyan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.1775","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Lower Extremity Subscale of the Fugl-Myer Assessment for Community-dwelling Hemiplegic Stroke Patients","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science"},{"issue":"65","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-65","article-title":"Towards more effective robotic gait training for stroke rehabilitation: A review","volume":"9","author":"Pennycott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2013.845805","article-title":"Concurrent validity of walking speed values calculated via the GAITRite electronic walkway and meter walk test in the chronic stroke population","volume":"30","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiotherapy Theory and Practice"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199673711.003.0001","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation","author":"Playford","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2010.936548","article-title":"Rehabilitation Exoskeletal Robotics","volume":"29","author":"Pons","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38556-8","volume-title":"Emerging Therapies in Neurorehabilitation","author":"Pons","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007181","article-title":"A Method for the Autonomous Control of Lower Limb Exoskeletons for Persons With Paraplegia","volume":"6","author":"Quintero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Devices"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.04.0070","article-title":"Passive exoskeletons for assisting limb movement","volume":"43","author":"Rahman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.250","article-title":"Assessing pain intensity with the visual analog scale: A plea for uniformity","volume":"54","author":"Reed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.2.325","article-title":"Clinical usefulness and limitations of the -minute walk test in patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease","volume":"123","author":"Reybrouck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.918195","article-title":"Functional independence measure scores predict level of long-term care required by patients after stroke: A multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Saji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Merodio, D., Cestari, M., Arevalo, J. C.,& Garcia, E. (2012, Dec 11\u201314). A lower-limb exoskeleton for gait assistance in quadriplegia. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics: ROBIO 2012, Guangzhou, CN","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2012.6490954"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34546-3_99","volume-title":"Converging Clinical and Engineering Research on Neurorehabilitation","author":"Sczesny-Kaiser","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.158","article-title":"Comparison of lower extremity motor score parameters for patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury using gait parameters","volume":"49","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref75","unstructured":"Spungen, A. M., Asselin, P., Fineberg, D. B., Kornfeld, S. D., & Harel, N. Y. (2013, Apr 15-17). Exoskeletal-Assisted Walking for Persons with Motor-Complete Paraplegia. Paper presented at the STO Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM) Symposium, Milan, IT"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000119","article-title":"Gait training with a robotic leg brace after stroke: A randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"93","author":"Stein","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.11.003","article-title":"The short physical performance battery as a predictor of functional capacity after stroke","volume":"23","author":"Stookey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strausser, K. A., & Kazerooni, H. (2011, Sep 25-30). The development and testing of a human machine interface for a mobile medical exoskeleton. Paper presented at the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems: IROS 2011, San Francisco, CA","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2011.6048674"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strausser, K. A., Swift, T. A., Zoss, A. B., & Kazerooni, H. (2010, Sep 12-15). Prototype medical exoskeleton for paraplegic mobility: First experimental results. Paper presented at the ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference: DSCC 2010, Cambridge, MA","DOI":"10.1115\/DSCC2010-4261"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref80","unstructured":"Suzuki, K., Kawamura, Y., Hayashi, T., Sakurai, T., Hasegawa, Y., & Sankai, Y. (2005, Oct 10-12). Intention-based walking support for paraplegia patient. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Waikoloa, HI"},{"issue":"423","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00423","article-title":"EMG patterns during assisted walking in the exoskeleton","volume":"8","author":"Sylos-Labini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talaty, M., Esquenazi, A., & Brice\u00f1o, J. E. (2013, Jun 24-26). Differentiating ability in users of the ReWalk\u2122 powered exoskeleton: An analysis of walking kinematics. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics: ICORR 2013 Seattle, WA","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2013.6650469"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukahara, A., Hasegawa, Y., & Sankai, Y. (2009, Jun 23-26). Standing-up motion support for paraplegic patient with Robot Suit HAL. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics: ICORR 2009, Kyoto, JP","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2009.5209567"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1163\/016918610X512622","article-title":"Sit-to-Stand and Stand-to-Sit Transfer Support for Complete Paraplegic Patients with Robot Suit HAL","volume":"24","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advanced Robotics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Bbe.2013.03.005","article-title":"Wearable lower limb robotics: A review","volume":"33","author":"Viteckova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00048","article-title":"Clinical application of the Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) for gait training-a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Wall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Apmr.2014.07.002","article-title":"Locomotion Improvement Using a Hybrid Assistive Limb in Recovery Phase Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"95","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.10.1034","article-title":"Clinical measurement of sit-to-stand performance in people with balance disorders:Validity of data for the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test","volume":"85","author":"Whitney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref89","volume-title":"Biopsychosocial Approaches in Neurorehabilitation: Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric, Mood and Behoural Disorders","author":"Williams","year":"2003"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/79.12.1122","article-title":"Establishing the reliability and validity of measurements of walking time using the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile","volume":"79","author":"Wolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.032","article-title":"Review of assistive strategies in powered lower-limb orthoses and exoskeletons","volume":"64","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-013-0986-9","article-title":"The baseline NIHSS score in female and male patients and short-time outcome: A study in young ischemic stroke","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-151265_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772312Y.0000000003","article-title":"Safety and tolerance of the ReWalktrademark exoskeleton suit for ambulation by people with complete spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Zeilig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine"}],"container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/NRE-151265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:48:27Z","timestamp":1777614507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/NRE-151265"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marcia J.","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151265","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8135","1878-6448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8135","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]}}}