{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T08:50:31Z","timestamp":1784105431461,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/nre-182469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T12:20:14Z","timestamp":1541161214000},"page":"369-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dose-response relationship of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation in healthy humans: A proof of concept study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth Salmon","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radha","family":"Korupolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Westgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Carrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lumy","family":"Sawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"},{"name":"Encompass Health Cardinal Hill Rehabilitation Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"Pt 20","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.214189","article-title":"Spinal direct current stimulation modulates the activity of gracile nucleus and primary somatosensory cortex in anaesthetized rats.","volume":"589","author":"Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01390.2010","article-title":"Trans-spinal direct current stimulation modulates motor cortex-induced muscle contraction in mice.","volume":"110","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4930-12.2013","article-title":"Electrophysiological characterization of spino-sciatic and cortico-sciatic associative plasticity: Modulation by trans-spinal direct current and effects on recovery after spinal cord injury in mice.","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4445-13.2014","article-title":"Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation Alters Muscle Tone in Mice with and without Spinal Cord Injury with Spasticity.","volume":"34","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00490.2014","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation modulates human corticospinal system excitability.","volume":"114","author":"Bocci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(97)02250-4","article-title":"Neurophysiological methods for studies of the motor system in freely moving human subjects.","volume":"74","author":"Capaday","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-05-01308.1986","article-title":"Amplitude modulation of the soleus H-reflex in the human during walking and standing.","volume":"6","author":"Capaday","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00249610","article-title":"The effects of postsynaptic inhibition on the monosynaptic reflex of the cat at different levels of motoneuron pool activity.","volume":"77","author":"Capaday","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12537","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2198-06.2006","article-title":"Operant conditioning of H-reflex can correct a locomotor abnormality after spinal cord injury in rats.","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.07.249","article-title":"Effect of spinal transcutaneous direct current stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans.","volume":"119","author":"Cogiamanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0015b.x","article-title":"Retraining the injured spinal cord.","volume":"533","author":"Edgerton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102007","article-title":"Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: Spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury and statistical power needed for therapeutic clinical trials.","volume":"45","author":"Fawcett","year":"2007","journal-title":"SpinalCord"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0530","article-title":"Technology insight: Non-invasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS.","volume":"3","author":"Fregni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neu-rol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199903)22:3<341::AID-MUS6>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Observations on the variability of the H reflex in human soleus.","volume":"22","author":"Funase","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13142","article-title":"Combined transcranial alternating current stimulation and continuous theta burst stimulation: A novel approach for neuroplasticity induction.","volume":"43","author":"Goldsworthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840100700514","article-title":"Neural plasticity after human spinal cord injury: Application of locomotor training to the rehabilitation of walking.","volume":"7","author":"Harkema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.12","article-title":"State of the science in spinal cord injury rehabilitation 2011: Informing a new research agenda.","volume":"50","author":"Heinemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.11.021","article-title":"Modulation of spinal neuronal excitability by spinal direct currents and locomotion after spinal cord injury.","volume":"124","author":"Hubli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968304272698","article-title":"Improvement of motor function with noninvasive cortical stimulation in a patient with chronic stroke.","volume":"19","author":"Hummel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.02.012","article-title":"The H-reflex as a probe: Pathways and pitfalls.","volume":"171","author":"Knikou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.01.039","article-title":"Neural control of locomotion and training-induced plasticity after spinal and cerebral lesions.","volume":"121","author":"Knikou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01718-9","article-title":"Modulation of soleus H-reflex following ipsilateral mechanical loading of the sole of the foot in normal and complete spinal cord injured humans.","volume":"303","author":"Knikou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.10898.2011","article-title":"Modulation of soleus H reflex by spinal DC stimulation in humans.","volume":"108","author":"Lamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x","article-title":"How does transcra-nial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain?","volume":"22","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750026","DOI":"10.1142\/s0129065717500265","article-title":"Surface EEG-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Closed-Loop System.","volume":"27","author":"Leite","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Neural Systems"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834b939d","article-title":"stimulation on neck changes MEP.","volume":"22","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.022","article-title":"Intra-individual variability in the response to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation.","volume":"126","author":"Lopez-Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.022","article-title":"Serotonin affects transcranial direct current-induced neuroplasticity in humans.","volume":"66","author":"Nitsche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation.","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5348-06.2007","article-title":"Timing-dependent modulation of associative plasticity by general network excitability in the human motor cortex.","volume":"27","author":"Nitsche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151292","article-title":"Transvertebral direct current stimulation paired with locomotor training in chronic spinal cord injury: A case study.","volume":"38","author":"Powell","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172369","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on corticospinal excitability in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Powell,","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90029-9","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application.","volume":"91","author":"Rossini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Report of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.12.1571.","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in stroke recovery.","volume":"65","author":"Schlaug","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.5.2881","article-title":"On the origin of the soleus H-reflex modulation pattern during human walking and its task-dependent differences.","volume":"83","author":"Schneider","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1210925","article-title":"2016 Facts and Figures at a Glance.","volume":"39","author":"Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.04.009","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation inhibits nociceptive spinal pathway conduction and increases pain tolerance in humans.","volume":"15","author":"Truini","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref38","first-page":"527","article-title":"Nonin-vasive human brain stimulation Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Palo Alto: Annual Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-182469_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.01.014","article-title":"Spinal DC stimulation in humans modulates post-activation depression of the H-reflex depending on current polarity.","volume":"121","author":"Winkler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/NRE-182469","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:51:49Z","timestamp":1777614709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/NRE-182469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-182469","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8135","1878-6448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8135","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]}}}