{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1778883946870,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/nre-203067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T13:43:58Z","timestamp":1591105438000},"page":"519-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Combined effects of backward treadmill training and botulinum toxin type A therapy on gait and balance in patients with chronic stroke: A pilot, single-blind, randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Munari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Serina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Disar\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Modenese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Filippetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Smania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Picelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516656468","article-title":"Effectiveness of backward walking training on walking ability in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Abdel-Aziem,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.1.25","article-title":"Reliability of measurements obtained with the modified Ashworth scale in the lower extremities of people with stroke","volume":"82","author":"Blackburn,","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507077602","article-title":"Effects of balance exercises on people with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Cattaneo,","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31806dc302","article-title":"Effect of treadmill training with body weight support on gait and gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"86","author":"Cherng,","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040210","article-title":"Combined effects of isokinetic training and botulinum toxin type A on spastic equinus foot in patients with chronic stroke: a pilot, single-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Cinone,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1995.22.3.95","article-title":"Backward walking at three levels of treadmill inclination: an electromyographic and kinematic analysis","volume":"22","author":"Cipriani,","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00014","article-title":"The flexion synergy, mother of all synergies and father of new models of gait","volume":"7","author":"Duysens,","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref8","first-page":"287","article-title":"Rehabilitation procedures in the management of gait disorders in the elderly","volume":"106","author":"Gandolfi,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Medica"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.08.019","article-title":"Backward compared to forward over ground gait retraining have additional benefits for gait in individuals with mild to moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Grobbelaar,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000000","article-title":"Steps forward in understanding backward gait: from basic circuits to rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Hoogkamer,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1053\/jscd.2001.123775","article-title":"Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: a double-blind controlled pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Kim,","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00028-6","article-title":"Coactivation during gait as an adaptive behavior after stroke","volume":"10","author":"Lamontagne,","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70150-4","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Langhorne,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(03)00068-7","article-title":"Reliability of the GAITRite walkway system for the quantification of temporo-spatial parameters of gait in young and older people","volume":"20","author":"Menz,","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.30","article-title":"Reliability of physical functioning measures in ambulatory subjects with MS","volume":"10","author":"Paltamaa,","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiotherapy Research International"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref16","first-page":"759","article-title":"Combined effects of robot-assisted gait training and botulinum toxin type A on spastic equinus foot in patients with chronic stroke: a pilot, single blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Picelli,","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0970","article-title":"Accuracy of botulinum toxin type A injection into the gastrocnemius muscle of adults with spastic equinus: manual needle placement and electrical stimulation guidance compared using ultrasonography","volume":"44","author":"Picelli,","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318269d7f3","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A injection into the gastrocnemius muscle for spastic equinus in adults with stroke: a randomized controlled trial comparing manual needle placement, electrical stimulation and ultrasonography-guided injection techniques","volume":"91","author":"Picelli,","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000210","article-title":"A backward walking training program to improve balance and mobility in acute stroke","volume":"42","author":"Rose,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199703000-00008","article-title":"Hemiplegic gait. Relationships between walking speed and other temporal parameters","volume":"76","author":"Roth,","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-1042-z","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of lower limb spasticity after stroke","volume":"79","author":"Santamato,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0988-0","article-title":"Rehabilitation of sensorimotor integration deficits in balance impairment of patients with stroke hemiparesis: a before\/after pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Smania,","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref23","first-page":"423","article-title":"Rehabilitation procedures in the management of spasticity","volume":"46","author":"Smania,","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.07.002","article-title":"Ankle anticipatory postural adjustments during gait initiation in healthy and post-stroke subjects","volume":"30","author":"Sousa,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.168","article-title":"Graded forward and backward walking at a matched intensity on cardiorespiratory responses and postural control","volume":"65","author":"Thomas,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2456-z","article-title":"Changes in postural sway as a function of prolonged walking","volume":"113","author":"Thomas,","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237595","article-title":"How is the normal locomotor program modified to produce backward walking? \u2013","volume":"61","author":"Thorstensson,","year":"1986","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.054","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A treatment combined with intensive rehabilitation for gait poststroke: a preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Uchiyama,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.01.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of backward walking training on balance performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Wang,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.05.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of backward walking training on spatial-temporal gait characteristics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Wang,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.12.006","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of poststroke distal lower limb spasticity: a randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"Wein,","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-203067_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr860oa","article-title":"Gait outcomes after additional backward walking training in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Yang,","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"}],"container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/NRE-203067","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:05:26Z","timestamp":1777615526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/NRE-203067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-203067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8135","1878-6448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8135","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]}}}