{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:24:08Z","timestamp":1783653848125,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in neurological dysfunction of the spinal cord below the injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the immediate and long-term effects of robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) on the recovery of motor function and walking ability in children with thoracolumbar incomplete SCI. METHODS: Twenty-one children with thoracolumbar incomplete SCI were randomly divided into the experimental (n\u200a=\u200a11) and control groups (n\u200a=\u200a10). The control group received 60\u200amin of conventional physical therapy, and the experimental group received 30\u200amin of RAGT based on 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy. Changes in walking speed and distance, physiological cost index (PCI), lower extremity motor score (LEMS), SCI walking index and centre-of-pressure (COP) envelope area score were observed in both groups of children before and after eight weeks of training. The primary outcome measures were the 10-metre walk test (10MWT) and six-minute walk distance (6MWD) at preferred and maximal speeds. In addition, several other measures were assessed, such as postural control and balance, lower limb strength and energy expenditure. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the self-selected walk speed (SWS), maximum walking speed (MWS), 6MWD, PCI, LEMS, COP, and Walking Index for Spinal Cord injury II (WISCI II) of experimental group were improved after treatment. The 6MWD, PCI, COP, and WISCI II after eight weeks of treatment were improved in experimental group. All indicators were not identical at three different time points when compared between two groups. Pairwise comparisons in experimental group suggested that the SWS, MWS, 6MWD, PCI, LEMS, COP, and WISCI II after treatment were higher than those before treatment. The 6MWD, LEMS, COP, and WISCI II after treatment were higher than at the one-month follow-up appointment. The SWS, PCI, LEMS, COP, and WISCI II at the eight-week follow-up appointment were improved. CONCLUSION: Robotic-assisted gait training may significantly improve the immediate motor function and walking ability of children with thoracolumbar incomplete SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-220124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T11:07:50Z","timestamp":1660043270000},"page":"499-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of robotic-assisted gait training on motor function and walking ability in children with thoracolumbar incomplete spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Ting-Ting","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-Tian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo\u2019ai Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.07.019","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training in individuals with spinal cord injury:A systematic review for the clinical effectiveness of Lokomat","volume":"91","author":"Alashram,","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312448232","article-title":"Lokomatrobotic-assisted versus overground training within 3 to 6 months ofincomplete spinal cord lesion: randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Alcobendas-Maestro,","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.951","article-title":"Effect of locomotor training on motor recovery and walking ability in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: a case series","volume":"26","author":"Anwer,","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0013-7","article-title":"Gait training after spinal cord injury: safety, feasibility and gait function following 8 weeks of training with the exoskeletons from Ekso Bionics","volume":"56","author":"Baunsgaard,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.142","article-title":"Evaluation of the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI-II) in children with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI","volume":"55","author":"Calhoun Thielen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1389836","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in childhood and adolescence in Galicia, Spain: report of the last -years","volume":"42","author":"Canosa-Hermida,","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.09.009","article-title":"Interplay between hypoactivity, muscle properties and motor command: How to escape the vicious deconditioning circle?","volume":"62","author":"Canu,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35644-5","article-title":"Effects of Dynamic Perturbation-Based Training on Balance Control of Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"8","author":"Chien,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.238.213","article-title":"Treadmill Training with Virtual Reality Improves Gait, Balance, and Muscle Strength in Children with Cerebral Palsy","volume":"238","author":"Cho,","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2681-y","article-title":"Spinal cord injury in pediatric age in Spain. Reality of a national reference center","volume":"31","author":"Cruz,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317718631","article-title":"Task-Specific and Functional Effects of Speed-Focused Elliptical or Motor-Assisted Cycle Training in Children With Bilateral Cerebral Palsy: Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"31","author":"Damiano,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2018.1487474","article-title":"The effects of locomotor training in children with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Donenberg,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.12.012","article-title":"Robotics for Lower Limb Rehabilitation","volume":"30","author":"Esquenazi,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102785","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2102785","article-title":"Effects of Robot-Assisted Gait Training in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Fang,","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4501","article-title":"Training to Improve Walking after Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of Parameters and Walking Outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Gandhi,","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2301-z","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Hamid,","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1938748.374","article-title":"Effectiveness of treadmill training on gait function in children with cerebral palsy: meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Han,","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.04.032","article-title":"Locomotor training: as a treatment of spinal cord injury and in the progression of neurologic rehabilitation","volume":"93","author":"Harkema,","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1426236","article-title":"The effects of robot assisted gait training on temporal-spatial characteristics of people with spinal cord injuries: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Hayes,","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000303","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline to Improve Locomotor Function Following Chronic Stroke, Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury, and Brain Injury","volume":"44","author":"Hornby,","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.10.004","article-title":"Is functional electrical stimulation an alternative for orthotics in patients with cerebral palsy? A literature review","volume":"22","author":"Khamis,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169793","article-title":"High-Intensity Jump Training Is Tolerated during 60 Days of Bed Rest and Is Very Effective in Preserving Leg Power and Lean Body Mass: An Overview of the Cologne RSL Study","volume":"12","author":"Kramer,","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-171458","article-title":"Pediatric robotic rehabilitation: Current knowledge and future trends in treating children with sensorimotor impairments","volume":"41","author":"Michmizos,","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2020.3316","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted gait training on lower extremity strength, functional independence, and walking function in men within complete traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"66","author":"M\u0131d\u0131k,","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Phys MedRehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3045-0","article-title":"Musculoskeletal effects of 5 days of bed rest with and without locomotion replacement training","volume":"115","author":"Mulder,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1408384","article-title":"What are the trends and demographics in sports-related pediatric spinal cord injuries?","volume":"46","author":"Nadarajah,","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0232-3","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training (Lokomat) improves walking function and activity in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Nam,","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2014.38.6.719","article-title":"Effect of robotic-assisted gait training in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Shin,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000217","article-title":"Effects of underwater treadmill training on leg strength, balance, and walking performance in adults with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Stevens,","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2015.1017661","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training might be beneficial for more severely affected children with cerebral palsy","volume":"19","author":"Van Hedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"06","key":"10.3233\/NRE-220124_ref31","first-page":"706","article-title":"Survey of Neurological Function and Complication of Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"27","author":"Zhang,","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Rehabilitation Theory and Practice"}],"container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/NRE-220124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:07:14Z","timestamp":1777615634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/NRE-220124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-220124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8135","1878-6448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8135","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]}}}