{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:26:02Z","timestamp":1787959562419,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Photophobia is a common sensory symptom after traumatic brain injury (TBI) that may have a grave impact on a patient\u2019s functional independence, neurorehabilitation, and activities of daily living. Post-TBI photophobia can be difficult to treat and the majority of patients can suffer chronically up to and beyond one year after their injury. OBJECTIVES: This review evaluates the current theories of the pathophysiology of photophobia and the most-common co-morbid etiologies of light sensitivity in TBI to help guide the differential diagnosis and individualized management of post-TBI photophobia. METHODS: Primary articles were found via PubMed and Google Scholar search of key terms including \u201cphotophobia\u201d \u201clight sensitivity\u201d \u201cphotosensitivity\u201d \u201cphoto-oculodynia\u201d \u201cintrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells\u201d \u201cipRGC\u201d and \u201cconcussion\u201d \u201cbrain injury\u201d \u201cdry eye\u201d. Due to paucity of literature papers were reviewed from 1900 to present in English. RESULTS: Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of photophobia in dry eye and migraine and their connection to intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) have revealed complex and multifaceted trigeminovascular and trigeminoautonomic pathways underlying photophobia. Patients who suffer a TBI often have co-morbidities like dry eye and migraine that may influence the patient\u2019s photophobia. CONCLUSION: Post-traumatic photophobia is a complex multi-disciplinary complaint that can severely impact a patient\u2019s quality of life. Exploration of underlying etiology may allow for improved treatment and symptomatic relief for these patients beyond tinted lenses alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-228014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T12:28:38Z","timestamp":1647606518000},"page":"309-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differential diagnosis and theories of pathophysiology of post-traumatic photophobia: A review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Theis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Concussion Care Centre of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA"},{"name":"Virginia Neuro-Optometry, Richmond, VA, USA Tel.: +1 804 387 2902; Fax: +1 804 509 0543; E-mail: drtheisod@virginianeurooptometry.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/NRE-228014_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2016.1231185","article-title":"Photophobia in primary headaches, in essential blepharospasm and in major depression","volume":"127","author":"Anagnostou,","year":"2017","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-228014_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.07.013","article-title":"An experimental study of the neurophysical mechanisms of photophobia induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"630","author":"Aydin,","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/NRE-228014_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90549-4","article-title":"Bright light effects on body temperature, alertness, EEG and behavior","volume":"50","author":"Badia,","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-228014_ref4","unstructured":"Bagheri, N. , Wajda, B. , Calvo, C. , & Durrani, A. 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