{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:48:34Z","timestamp":1777891714837,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Current therapeutic evidence suggests limited efficacy of the cognitive and exercise training in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on depression, anxiety, memory retention, comprehension, calculation, concentration, orientation, dual-task performance, and sleep disorders. Nevertheless, the immediate effects of multimodal cognitive therapy (MCT) have recently developed and its individual effects remains unknown in MCI. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the immediate effects of MCT on cognitive and psychological measures between young healthy and older adults with MCI. METHODS: Forty young healthy and older adults with MCI underwent immediate MCT (5 minutes each), including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), light therapy, computerized cognitive therapy (CCT), robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT), core breathing exercises (CBE), and music therapy. Outcome measures included memory retention, comprehension, calculation, attention, orientation, dual-task performance, awareness, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. The Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman\u2019s test were used at P\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences in depression, anxiety, memory retention, comprehension, calculation, attention, orientation, dual-task performance, and awareness were observed between the tDCS, CCT, and music therapy groups (P\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05). CONCLUSION: MCT was beneficial for mitigating depression, anxiety, memory retention, comprehension, calculation, attention, orientation, dual-task performance, and awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-230127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T13:14:40Z","timestamp":1698758080000},"page":"297-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immediate effects of multimodal cognitive therapy in mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Yunhwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Sports Movement Artificial Robotics Technology (SMART) Institute, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of PhysicalTherapy, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonjun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Sports Movement Artificial Robotics Technology (SMART) Institute, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of PhysicalTherapy, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua (Sung) H.","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Sports Movement Artificial Robotics Technology (SMART) Institute, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of PhysicalTherapy, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/NRE-230127_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001347","article-title":"State of the science on mild cognitive impairment (MCI)","volume":"24","author":"Anderson,","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS spectrums"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-230127_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631518","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.631518","article-title":"Anosognosia in mildcognitive impairment: lack of awareness of memory difficulties characterizes prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Bastin,","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/NRE-230127_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3292","article-title":"Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness","volume":"13","author":"Blanke,","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-230127_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0343-2","article-title":"Lokomat training in vascular dementia: motor improvement and beyond!","volume":"27","author":"Calabr\u00f2,","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging clinical and experimental research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/NRE-230127_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050562","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Cognitive Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early\/Mid Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chen,","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/NRE-230127_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800413485410","article-title":"The impact of group music therapy on depression and cognition in elderly persons with dementia: a randomized controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Chu,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological research for Nursing"},{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-230127_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00416","article-title":"Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? 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