{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:40:10Z","timestamp":1792172410356,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: The recovery of upper limb function is crucial to the daily life activities of stroke patients. Brain-computer interface technology may have potential benefits in treating upper limb dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) in the rehabilitation of upper limb motor function in stroke patients. METHODS: Six databases up to July 2023 were reviewed according to the PRSIMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials of BCI-based upper limb functional rehabilitation for stroke patients were selected for meta-analysis by pooling standardized mean difference (SMD) to summarize the evidence. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies were included. The studies showed that BCI had a small effect on the improvement of upper limb function after the intervention. In terms of total duration of training, &lt;\u200a12 hours of training may result in better rehabilitation, but training duration greater than 12 hours suggests a non significant therapeutic effect of BCI training. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that BCI has a slight efficacy in improving upper limb function and has favorable long-term outcomes. In terms of total duration of training, &lt;\u200a12 hours of training may lead to better rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-230215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T11:01:49Z","timestamp":1703242909000},"page":"199-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Efficacy of brain-computer interfaces on upper extremity motor function rehabilitation after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"The Affiliated Xuzhou Rehabilitation Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feilong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Xuzhou Rehabilitation Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Xuzhou Rehabilitation Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Xuzhou Rehabilitation Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/NRE-230215_ref1","first-page":"5981","article-title":"A clinical study of motor imagery-based brain-computer interface for upper limb robotic rehabilitation","volume":"2009","author":"Ang,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 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