{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:05:05Z","timestamp":1787025905899,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroRehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For decades, thousands of active-duty service members have sought treatment for trauma exposure. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is a fast-acting nerve block documented in medical literature for nearly a century that has shown promise as a potentially life-altering treatment for post-traumatic stress (PTS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to answer the practical questions of those who support individuals suffering from trauma: (1) SGB\u2019s safety profile (2) efficacy data (3) potential advantages and limitations, (4) a cross-cultural application example, (5) and the use of SGB in combination with talk therapy to optimize clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current body of literature, to include several large case series, meta-analyses, and a sufficiently powered randomized controlled trial, were reviewed, and presented to describe the history of SGB for emotional trauma symptoms and address the objectives of this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Critical consideration is given to the safety and efficacy data on SGB and the evolution in safety-related technologies. Advantages such as decreased barriers to care, rapid onset, and decreased dropout and limitations such as treatment non-response, potential adverse effects, and misconceptions about the treatment are then described. Finally, the cross-cultural application of SGB is explored based on the deployment of SGB in Israel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SGB is associated with level 1B evidence and a reassuring safety profile. Evolving the model of care through the combined use of effective biological treatments like SGB with trauma informed talk therapy offers a hopeful path forward for supporting those who suffer from post-traumatic stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-230236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T10:54:07Z","timestamp":1720781647000},"page":"385-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimizing clinical outcomes with stellate ganglion block and trauma-informed care: A review article"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Shauna","family":"Springer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stella Center","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois State University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Steinlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Internet Society","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wounded Warrior Project","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Blankfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stella Israel","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Agarwal S. 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