{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:38:38Z","timestamp":1781840318236,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NRE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF) are at increased risk of multiple mild traumatic brain injury (mmTBI). Testosterone was prescribed for several participants in a VA program designed to address sequelae of mmTBI for SOF. OBJECTIVE: To determine testosterone prevalence in the Palo Alto VA Intensive Evaluation and Treatment Program (IETP) and observe for association between testosterone and neurobehavioral outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study included patients in the Palo Alto VA IETP. Sociodemographic data, testosterone blood levels, and neurobehavioral outcomes were collected from medical records. RESULTS: 55 IETP participants were included: six were testosterone users; the rest were classified as non-users. Testosterone use in this population is 11%, higher than reported national averages in the U.S. Of the 6 testosterone users, 2 (33%) had a formal diagnosis of hypogonadism prior to initiation of testosterone. Neurobehavioral outcome scores between testosterone users and non-users failed to show statistically significant differences, except for the PROMIS pain score, which was higher in the testosterone user population. CONCLUSION: The current study did not find an association between mmTBI, testosterone use, or testosterone level and neurobehavioral outcomes. This study highlights a need to further examine the relationship between hypogonadism, mmTBI, SOF culture around testosterone, and the effects of testosterone use in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-230291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T10:51:29Z","timestamp":1720781489000},"page":"271-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Testosterone and neurobehavioral outcomes in special operations forces military with multiple mild traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2593-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Barnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytrauma System of Care, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Ljubic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytrauma System of Care, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2831-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytrauma System of Care, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-9095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Capizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytrauma System of Care, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, 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