{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1777888116048,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PRM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/prm-180563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T19:00:12Z","timestamp":1552676412000},"page":"87-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effectiveness of non-surgical and surgical interventions for elbow flexion contractures in brachial plexus birth injury: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Emily\u00a0S.","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Zuccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Klar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Davidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory\u00a0H.","family":"Borschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sevan","family":"Hopyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard\u00a0M.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.\u00a0Virginia","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref1","unstructured":"Ho ES, Kim D, Klar K, Anthony A, Borschel GH, Hopyan S, et al. Prevalence and etiology of elbow flexion contractures in brachial plexus birth injury: A scoping review. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. In press."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163060-00002","article-title":"A biomechanical study of normal functional elbow motion","volume":"63","author":"Morrey","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00750","article-title":"The prevalence, rate of progression, and treatment of elbow flexion contracture in children with brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"94","author":"Sheffler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-837261","article-title":"Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: The Instanbul experience","volume":"18","author":"Mersa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-837259","article-title":"Management of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: The Stanford experience","volume":"18","author":"Hentz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.09.014","article-title":"Serial casting and splinting of elbow contractures in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy","volume":"35","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181a72f9e","article-title":"Total obstetric brachial plexus palsy in children with internal rotation contracture of the shoulder, flexion contracture of the elbow, and poor hand function: Improving the cosmetic appearance of the limb with rotation osteotomy of the humerus","volume":"65","author":"Al-Qattan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31828bd52b","article-title":"Medical decision-making among adolescents with neonatal brachial plexus palsy and their families: A qualitative study","volume":"131","author":"Squitieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(00)80009-1","article-title":"Improving shoulder and elbow function in children with Erb\u2019s palsy","volume":"7","author":"Price","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549368","article-title":"Elbow flexion contractures in childhood in obstetric brachial plexus lesions: A longitudinal study of 20 neurosurgically reconstructed infants with 8-year follow-up","volume":"10","author":"van der Sluijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Brachial Plexus Periph Nerve Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-160381","article-title":"Serial casting for elbow flexion contractures in neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"9","author":"Duijnisveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200203000-00008","article-title":"Operative treatment of elbow contracture in patients twenty-one years of age or younger","volume":"84-A","author":"Stans","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200011000-00016","article-title":"Surgery about the elbow for brachial palsy","volume":"20","author":"Hoffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-837255","article-title":"Surgical strategy in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: The Aachen experience","volume":"18","author":"Bahm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elbow flexion contractures in brachial plexus birth injury: function and appearance related factors","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epi"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x","article-title":"The integrative review: updated methodology","volume":"52","author":"Whittemore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2004.04006.x","article-title":"A process for systematically reviewing the literature: providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.05.002","article-title":"Use of botulinum toxin type A in the management of neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"6","author":"Michaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"PM and R"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500402229","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type-A and plaster cast treatment in children with upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"9","author":"Basciani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.05.002","article-title":"Anterior release of elbow flexion contractures in children with obstetrical brachial plexus lesions","volume":"37","author":"Garcia-Lopez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref24","unstructured":"Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach It. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e3181c848cb","article-title":"Correction of elbow flexion contracture in late obstetric brachial plexus palsy through arthrodiatasis of the elbow (Ioannina method)","volume":"14","author":"Vekris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"issue":"e24","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref26","first-page":"213","article-title":"Biceps tendon lengthening surgery for failed serial casting patients with elbow flexion contractures following brachial plexus birth injury","volume":"16","author":"Nath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000309","article-title":"Correction of elbow flexion contracture by means of olecranon resection and anterior arthrolysis in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy sequelae","volume":"26","author":"Senes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1986-8","article-title":"Validity of goniometric elbow measurements: comparative study with a radiographic method","volume":"469","author":"Chapleau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Rel Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1340-15-4","article-title":"On the reliability and validity of manual muscle testing: a literature review","volume":"15","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chiropr Osteopat"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1070","article-title":"Clinical evaluator reliability for quantitative and manual muscle testing measures of strength in children","volume":"24","author":"Escolar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Significant improvement in nerve conduction, arm length, and upper extremity function after intraoperative electrical stimulation, neurolysis, and biceps tendon lengthening in obstetric brachial plexus patients","volume":"10","author":"Nath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ortho Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.32965","article-title":"The Active Movement Scale: An evaluative tool for infants with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy","volume":"27","author":"Curtis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0235","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale and a modified scale for testing muscle strength in patients with radial palsy","volume":"40","author":"Paternostro-Sluga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.34B3.352","article-title":"Deformity of the elbow joint as a Sequel to Erb\u2019s obstetrical paralysis","volume":"34B","author":"Aitken","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.07.008","article-title":"Afferent innervation, muscle spindles, and contractures following neonatal brachial plexus injury in a mouse model","volume":"40","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"7650","key":"10.3233\/PRM-180563_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/PRM-180563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:35:55Z","timestamp":1777610155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/PRM-180563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/prm-180563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8894","1874-5393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8894","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1874-5393","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]}}}