{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:50:50Z","timestamp":1780105850476,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: To determine whether inflammation increases in retina as it does in brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and whether the neurosteroid progesterone, shown to have protective effects in both retina and brain after MCAO, reduces inflammation in retina as well as brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: MCAO rats treated systemically with progesterone or vehicle were compared with shams. Protein levels of cytosolic NF- \u03baB, nuclear NF- \u03baB, phosphorylated NF- \u03baB, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, CD11b, progesterone receptor A and B, and pregnane X receptor were assessed in retinas and brains at 24 and 48\u200ah using western blots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Following MCAO, significant increases were observed in the following inflammatory markers: pNF- \u03baB and CD11b at 24\u200ah in both brain and retina, nuclear NF- \u03baB at 24\u200ah in brain and 48\u200ah in retina, and TNF-\u03b1 at 24\u200ah in brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Progesterone treatment in MCAO animals significantly attenuated levels of the following markers in brain: pNF- \u03baB, nuclear NF- \u03baB, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and CD11b, with significantly increased levels of cytosolic NF- \u03baB. Retinas from progesterone-treated animals showed significantly reduced levels of nuclear NF- \u03baB and IL-6 and increased levels of cytosolic NF- \u03baB, with a trend for reduction in other markers. Post-MCAO, progesterone receptors A and B were upregulated in brain and downregulated in retina.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Inflammatory markers increased in both brain and retina after MCAO, with greater increases observed in brain. Progesterone treatment reduced inflammation, with more dramatic reductions observed in brain than retina. This differential effect may be due to differences in the response of progesterone receptors in brain and retina after injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-160672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T10:43:08Z","timestamp":1476441788000},"page":"947-963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Progesterone treatment shows greater protection in brain vs. retina in a rat model\u00a0of middle cerebral artery occlusion: Progesterone receptor levels may play an important role"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Rachael S.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 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