{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:55:05Z","timestamp":1777888505136,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subcutaneous injection of insulin can lead to problems such as hypoglycemia and edema.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of oral insulin-coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on control of glycemic status, IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels, and apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats with diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Insulin-coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the polyelectrolyte complex method (PEC) method. Insulin loading content, loading efficiency, quantity and quality of particle size were evaluated.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      study was performed in different treatment groups of male Wistar rats with diabetes mellitus by insulin-coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles or subcutaneous injection of trade insulin. The duration of diabetes was eight weeks and the treatment was started after that time and continued for another two weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBS), hippocampal apoptosis, and immunohistochemical (IHC) protein levels of IGF-1 and IGF-2 were assessed at the end of the experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The size and polydispersity indexes were 533 nanometers and 0.533, respectively. Insulin coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles showed high loading efficiency (97.67% ) and loading content (48.83% ). The spherical shape of nanoparticle was confirmed by transmission electron microscopic (TEM). The amine, amide, ether and aliphatic groups were evaluated using FT-IR spectrophotometer which represented the correctness of the insulin coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles. Although the apoptotic index was not changed either by insulin-coated nano-particles or commercial insulin,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      results showed the efficacy of insulin-coated nanoparticles as well as commercial insulin in compensated weight loss, FBS and protein levels of IGF-1 and IGF-2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study showed the efficacy of insulin coated nanoparticle in oral route manner that can be tested in Phase I\u2013 III clinical trials. However, a behavioral study could reveal the efficacy of insulin-loaded nanoparticles in the improvement of cognitive changes through the modulation of IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels in the hippocampus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-170807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T11:15:38Z","timestamp":1528456538000},"page":"571-581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of insulin\u2013coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on IGF-1, IGF-2, and apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic male rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Giti","family":"Kalantarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Ziamajidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Mahjub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Taghi","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamic Azad University","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massoud","family":"Saidijam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Soleimani Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roghayeh","family":"Abbasalipourkabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"A histological and functional study on hippocampalformation of normal and diabetic rats","volume":"2","author":"Amin S.N","year":"2013","unstructured":"AminS.N, YounanS.M, YoussefM.F, RashedL.A, MohamadyI. 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